Mitotic tethers connect sister chromosomes and transmit “cross-polar” force during anaphase A of mitosis in PtK2 cells

Ono, Matthew; Preece, Daryl; Duquette, Michelle L.; Forer, Arthur; Berns, Michael W.

doi:10.1364/boe.8.004310

Cited by 6 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…These results demonstrate that these structures likely play a role in coordinated chromosome movements in general, and must be considered in models of mitosis and meiosis (Forer et al, 2017). Furthermore, using optical tweezers, it was possible to calibrate the tethering force at 1.5 pN (Ono et al, 2017). Using optical tweezers to measure the force exerted on chromosomes is discussed below.…”

Section: Scissors Ii: Chromosome Movement In Mitosis/meiosismentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Another study combined laser scissors and tweezers to study the mechanical forces during mitosis (Ono et al, 2017). Optical tweezers and laser scissors were used to sever the tether between chromosomes, using the scissors to create chromosome fragments attached to the tether which move toward the opposite pole, and using the trap to stop the movements of the tethered fragments.…”

Section: Tweezers and Scissorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Laser Scissors and Tweezers to Study Chromosomes: A Review

Berns

2020

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Starting in 1969 laser scissors have been used to study and manipulate chromosomes in mitotic animal cells. Key studies demonstrated that using the "hot spot" in the center of a focused Gaussian laser beam it was possible to delete the ribosomal genes (secondary constriction), and this deficiency was maintained in clonal daughter cells. It wasn't until 2020 that it was demonstrated that cells with focal-point damaged chromosomes could replicate due to the cell's DNA damage repair molecular machinery. A series of studies leading up to this conclusion involved using cells expressing different GFP DNA damage recognition and repair molecules. With the advent of optical tweezers in 1987, laser tweezers have been used to study the behavior and forces on chromosomes in mitotic and meiotic cells. The combination of laser scissors and tweezers were employed since 1991 to study various aspects of chromosome behavior during cell division. These studies involved holding chromosomes in an optical while gradually reducing the laser power until the chromosome recovered their movement toward the cell pole. It was determined in collaborative studies with Prof. Arthur Forer from York University, Toronto, Canada, cells from diverse group vertebrate and invertebrates, that forces necessary to move chromosomes to cell poles during cell division were between 2 and 17pN, orders of magnitude below the 700 pN generally found in the literature.

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Section: Scissors Ii: Chromosome Movement In Mitosis/meiosismentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Tweezers and Scissorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser Scissors and Tweezers to Study Chromosomes: A Review

Berns

2020

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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“…104,105 When optical tweezers were used to trap a fragment tip that was created with laser scissors, the force that the tethers imparted on its partner was found to be ∼1.5 pN. 79 The function of the tethers is not completely understood. However, it has been shown that when kinetochore microtubules and tethers were cut during anaphase, the chromosome movements to the respective poles sped up, suggesting that the tethers may act to regulate the speed of chromosome movement.…”

Section: Optical Tweezersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tethers occur between the tips of sister chromosomes and functional assays of the tethers consist of using laser microsurgery to cut a chromosome tip and monitor it as it moves away from its pole toward its sister partner. − Figure demonstrates a chromosome arm that is cut and moves toward its partner. These studies have determined that the tethers are elastic and that the elasticity is dependent on phosphorylation. , Additionally, Forer et al have found that as the tethers elongate and the cell progresses through anaphase, the tethers loose elasticity. , When optical tweezers were used to trap a fragment tip that was created with laser scissors, the force that the tethers imparted on its partner was found to be ∼1.5 pN . The function of the tethers is not completely understood.…”

Section: Laser Microsurgery Combined With Optical Tweezersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shining Light in Mechanobiology: Optical Tweezers, Scissors, and Beyond

Stilgoe,

Favre-Bulle,

Watson

et al. 2024

ACS Photonics

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Mechanobiology helps us to decipher cell and tissue functions by looking at changes in their mechanical properties that contribute to development, cell differentiation, physiology, and disease. Mechanobiology sits at the interface of biology, physics and engineering. One of the key technologies that enables characterization of properties of cells and tissue is microscopy. Combining microscopy with other quantitative measurement techniques such as optical tweezers and scissors, gives a very powerful tool for unraveling the intricacies of mechanobiology enabling measurement of forces, torques and displacements at play. We review the field of some light based studies of mechanobiology and optical detection of signal transduction ranging from optical micromanipulation�optical tweezers and scissors, advanced fluorescence techniques and optogenentics. In the current perspective paper, we concentrate our efforts on elucidating interesting measurements of forces, torques, positions, viscoelastic properties, and optogenetics inside and outside a cell attained when using structured light in combination with optical tweezers and scissors. We give perspective on the field concentrating on the use of structured light in imaging in combination with tweezers and scissors pointing out how novel developments in quantum imaging in combination with tweezers and scissors can bring to this fast growing field.

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“…In this special issue, we highlight two exciting optical trapping applications [9][10] in the area of cell biology.…”

Section: Optical Trapping Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biophotonics feature: introduction

Campagnola

Côté

Pavone³

et al. 2018

Biomed. Opt. Express

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We introduce the feature issue on the Optics in the Life Sciences Congress held on April 2-5, 2017 in San Diego, CA. The Congress consisted of 5 topical symposia: (i) Bio-optics Design and Application; (ii) Novel Techniques in Microscopy; (iii) Optical Molecular Probes, Imaging and Drug Delivery; (iv) Optical Trapping Applications; and (v) Optics and the Brain. These separate symposia also held joint sessions of common interest. The following highlights some of the topics from the Congress.

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Mitotic tethers connect sister chromosomes and transmit “cross-polar” force during anaphase A of mitosis in PtK2 cells

Cited by 6 publications

References 29 publications

Laser Scissors and Tweezers to Study Chromosomes: A Review

Laser Scissors and Tweezers to Study Chromosomes: A Review

Shining Light in Mechanobiology: Optical Tweezers, Scissors, and Beyond

Biophotonics feature: introduction

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