This article investigates an asynchronous adaptive fault-tolerant control problem for Markov jump systems (MJSs) with actuator failures and absolutely unknown nonlinear disturbances. The hidden Markov model (HMM) is used to describe the asynchronization phenomenon between the controller and the modes of the original system. Moreover, by using the designed adaptive law, the values of actuator partial failures and the bounds of the unknown nonlinear disturbances can be estimated, respectively. Furthermore, the HMM-based asynchronous adaptive fault-tolerant controller is provided to ensure that the closed-loop system is asymptotically stable despite of unknown nonlinear disturbances. Finally, numerical examples are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.