Mixtures of Metals With Molten Salts

Bredig, Μ. A.

doi:10.2172/4658668

Cited by 46 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…However, during the charging process, the solid phase was turned back to pure liquid Bi, avoiding any dendrite formation and solid phase accumulation. More importantly, the [18,19] Li-Te, [20] Li-Bi, [21] Li-Sb, [22] Li-Sb-Pb [23] Na 92.3 1165 0.057 -2.71 1.6-3.0 [18,24,25] Na-Sn, [26] Na-Bi, [27] Na-S, [28] Zebra [29] K 64 687.2 5.1 -2.93 4.9-19 [18,30] K-Hg [31] Ca 842 1340 0.14 -2.87 2.3-9.6 [18,32] Ca-Bi, [33] Ca-Sb [34] Mg 650 2233 0.069 -2.37 0.2-1.2 [18,35] Mg-Sb [14] wileyonlinelibrary.com formation of the solid phase did not cause high concentration polarization under 1000 mA cm -2 , implying that the formed Li-Bi solid phase had high Li + conductivity and ensuring the high utilization of Bi. Table 3 shows the properties of positive electrode candidates corresponding to Li negative electrode.…”

Section: -Bismuth (Bi)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid Metal Electrodes for Energy Storage Batteries

Yin

Wang

et al. 2016

Advanced Energy Materials

169

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The increasing demands for integration of renewable energy into the grid and urgently needed devices for peak shaving and power rating of the grid both call for low‐cost and large‐scale energy storage technologies. The use of secondary batteries is considered one of the most effective approaches to solving the intermittency of renewables and smoothing the power fluctuations of the grid. In these batteries, the states of the electrode highly affect the performance and manufacturing process of the battery, and therefore leverage the price of the battery. A battery with liquid metal electrodes is easy to scale up and has a low cost and long cycle life. In this progress report, the state‐of‐the‐art overview of liquid metal electrodes (LMEs) in batteries is reviewed, including the LMEs in liquid metal batteries (LMBs) and the liquid sodium electrode in sodium‐sulfur (Na–S) and ZEBRA (Na–NiCl2) batteries. Besides the LMEs, the development of electrolytes for LMEs and the challenge of using LMEs in the batteries, and the future prospects of using LMEs are also discussed.

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Section: -Bismuth (Bi)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid Metal Electrodes for Energy Storage Batteries

Yin

Wang

et al. 2016

Advanced Energy Materials

169

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“…The only work published as a whole on the thermodynamics of molten alkali metal-halide systems (M-MX) has been performed by Bredig et al [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Several techniques have been adopted for these pionnering experimental investigations of the equilibrium phase diagrams.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Available Thermodynamic Information Bredig et al [7] used two experimental techniques, equilibrium and thermal analysis methods, in order to establish the phase equilibria in this system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Critical Assessment of Thermodynamic Properties and Phase‐Diagram Calculations of K‐KCl and K‐KBr Systems

Rand¹,

Gaune‐Escard²,

Bros³

et al. 1988

Ber Bunsenges Phys Chem

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All the available thermodynamic information on the K‐KCl and K‐KBr systems has been collected and used, through an optimisation procedure, to check the thermodynamic consistency of those experimental thermodynamic data. Optimized sets of parameters for the excess Gibbs energy of mixing of the K‐KX liquid solutions have been obtained; the liquid phase was modelled as a simple mixture of K and KX, exactly equivalent to a “sublattice”‐type model, the excess Gibbs energies being represented by Redlich‐Kister polynomials. Agreement between calculated and experimental phase diagrams and thermodynamic functions is within the experimental uncertainties.

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“…In addition, equilibrium emf measurements can yield information as to the species present and the number of electrons involved in the potential-determining process. The application of this fundamental measurement to a unique group of solutions, namely, the alkaline earth metals, and the rare earth metals dissolved in their respective molten halides (1,2) has been reported for the lanthanum-lanthanum chloride (3,4) and the cerium-cerium chloride (5) solutions. However, the results are subject to question because of the corrosiveness of these solutions to ceramic material (6,7).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

An All-Metal Cell Technique for the Measurement of the EMF of Molten Metal-Metal Halide Solutions Corrosive to Ceramics

Bronstein¹

1965

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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A new technique is described which permits the measurement of emf using an all-metal cell. The applicability of the method to both aqueous systems and molten metal-metal halide systems is demonstrated. This technique will now permit measurements of the emf of systems such as the molten alkaline earth-alkaline earth halides and the rare earth-rare earth halides which are extremely corrosive to ceramics.The measurement of equilibrium cell potentials has long been an important means of determining thermodynamic properties of systems. In addition, equilibrium emf measurements can yield information as to the species present and the number of electrons involved in the potential-determining process. The application of this fundamental measurement to a unique group of solutions, namely, the alkaline earth metals, and the rare earth metals dissolved in their respective molten halides (1, 2) has been reported for the lanthanum-lanthanum chloride (3, 4) and the cerium-cerium chloride (5) solutions. However, the results are subject to question because of the corrosiveness of these solutions to ceramic material (6, 7). If dependable emf measurements are to be made on these solutions, a technique must be employed which eliminates the use of ceramic containers and insulators.This paper describes such a technique which permits the measurement of emf in an all-metal cell. Discussion of TechniqueAqueous cells such as Hg ~ Hg2SO4/H~SOJAg2SO4, Ag ~ are contained in glass apparatus. Each electrode compartment is in communication with the sulfuric acid bridging solution by means of a capillary or a sintered glass frit. Electrode leads are platinum wire in contact with the mercury of the Hg-Hg~SO4 halfcell and the silver wire of the Ag, Ag2SO~ electrode. The open-circuit potential of this cell is measured in the normal manner. The current is comprised of electron transport from the Hg-Hg2SO4 electrode, 2Hg --> Hg2 +2 -4-2e-, via the platinum lead through the potential measuring instrument to the Ag-Ag2SO4 electrode, 2Ag + -~ 2e---> 2Ag ~ with the sulfuric acid acting as the transfer medium for the sulfate ion. The over-all cell reaction being 2Hg o -4-Ag2SO4 --> Hg2SO4 q-2Ag ~ If the same half-cell mixtures Hg o, Hg2SO4(sond), saturated aqueous solution and Ag ~ Ag2SO~(sond), saturated aqueous solution are placed in separate tantalum tubes, these containers have now the same function as the platinum and silver wires of the glass cells. The tubes are partially immersed in a sulfuric acid solution and communication of the solution in each tube with the bridging liquid is provided by means of a sintered porous tantalum plug welded in the side of each tube. If there were no such communication, a current would not be expected to flow, since the potential difference between the two electrodes is much less than the potential necessary for decomposition of the sulfuric acid (H20) and that of the anodic dissolution of tantalum metal. Concomitant with this requirement is the absence in the bridging liquid of any redox process which can occur wit...

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Mixtures of Metals With Molten Salts

Cited by 46 publications

References 2 publications

Liquid Metal Electrodes for Energy Storage Batteries

Liquid Metal Electrodes for Energy Storage Batteries

Critical Assessment of Thermodynamic Properties and Phase‐Diagram Calculations of K‐KCl and K‐KBr Systems

An All-Metal Cell Technique for the Measurement of the EMF of Molten Metal-Metal Halide Solutions Corrosive to Ceramics

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