MmWave Beam Management in Urban Vehicular Networks

Fazliu, Zana Limani; Malandrino, Francesco; Chiasserini, Carla-Fabiana; Nordio, Alessandro

doi:10.1109/jsyst.2020.2996909

Cited by 25 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…strongly influenced by the adopted beamforming architecture (see e.g., [31]), in this work we consider α ST MIN = α TL MIN = 3 • , due to the following reasons. First, such setting is in line with other relevant works targeting beam management in 5G networks (see e.g., [32]). Second, it is expected that 5G gNB adopting pencil beamforming will be able to synthesize very narrow traffic beams (i.e., in the order of few degrees).…”

Section: Scenario Descriptionsupporting

confidence: 58%

“Pencil Beamforming Increases Human Exposure to ElectroMagnetic Fields”: True or False?

et al. 2021

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According to a very popular belief -very widespread among non-scientific communitiesthe exploitation of narrow beams, a.k.a. ''pencil beamforming'', results in a prompt increase of exposure levels radiated by 5G Base Stations (BSs). To face such concern with a scientific approach, in this work we propose a novel localization-enhanced pencil beamforming technique, in which the traffic beams are tuned in accordance with the uncertainty localization levels of User Equipment (UE). Compared to currently deployed beamforming techniques, which generally employ beams of fixed width, we exploit the localization functionality made available by the 5G architecture to synthesize the direction and the width of each pencil beam towards each served UE. We then evaluate the effectiveness of pencil beamforming in terms of ElectroMagnetic Field (EMF) exposure and UE throughput levels over different realistic casestudies. Results, obtained from a publicly released open-source simulator, dispel the myth: the adoption of localization-enhanced pencil beamforming triggers a prompt reduction of exposure w.r.t. other alternative techniques, which include e.g., beams of fixed width and cellular coverage not exploiting beamforming. The EMF reduction is achieved not only for the UE that are served by the pencil beams, but also over the whole territory (including the locations in proximity to the 5G BS). In addition, large throughput levels -adequate for most of 5G services -can be guaranteed when each UE is individually served by one dedicated beam.INDEX TERMS 5G cellular networks, 5G localization service, pencil beam management, EMF analysis, throughput analysis.

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Section: Scenario Descriptionsupporting

confidence: 58%

“Pencil Beamforming Increases Human Exposure to ElectroMagnetic Fields”: True or False?

et al. 2021

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“…We assume that all the BSs are equipped with N isotropic active elements for beamforming towards the targets while the UEs are equipped with single omnidirectional antenna. Furthermore, the recent works in [47], [49] have shown that the empirical distribution of small-scale fading effects of the channel and the beamforming gain of the antenna array can be tightly approximated by using exponential distribution. Thus, in order to maximize the mathematical tractability of our analysis, we consider the following assumption for the small-scale fading channel gain.…”

Section: System Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Assumption 1 (Small-Scale Channel Gain): The smallscale fading gain is assumed to follow an exponential distribution with mean of 1/µ. In the past, this assumption was common in stochastic geometric coverage analysis for mathematical tractability [6], [47], [49]- [53]. Recent works [47], [49] revisited this exponential fading assumption, and rediscovered its feasibility even under realistic large-scale mmWave systems, by simply tuning µ according to the mean channel characteristics and antenna patterns.…”

Section: System Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the past, this assumption was common in stochastic geometric coverage analysis for mathematical tractability [6], [47], [49]- [53]. Recent works [47], [49] revisited this exponential fading assumption, and rediscovered its feasibility even under realistic large-scale mmWave systems, by simply tuning µ according to the mean channel characteristics and antenna patterns. To be more specific, authors in [47] explained that the channel gain in mmWave systems is affected not only by the channel randomness but also by the antenna array directions.…”

Section: System Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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RIS-Assisted Coverage Enhancement in Millimeter-Wave Cellular Networks

2020

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The use of millimeter-wave (mmWave) bandwidth is one key enabler to achieve the high data rates in the fifth-generation (5G) cellular systems. However, mmWave signals suffer from significant path loss due to high directivity and sensitivity to blockages, limiting its adoption within small-scale deployments. To enhance the coverage of mmWave communication in 5G and beyond, it is promising to deploy a large number of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) that passively reflect mmWave signals towards desired directions. With this motivation, in this work, we study the coverage of an RIS-assisted large-scale mmWave cellular network using stochastic geometry, and derive the peak reflection power expression of an RIS and the downlink signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) coverage expression in closed forms. These analytic results clarify the effectiveness of deploying RISs in the mmWave SIR coverage enhancement, while unveiling the major role of the density ratio between active base stations (BSs) and passive RISs. Furthermore, the results show that deploying passive reflectors are as effective as equipping BSs with more active antennas in the mmWave coverage enhancement. Simulation results confirm the tightness of the closed-form expressions, corroborating our major findings based on the derived expressions.INDEX TERMS Millimeter-wave (mmWave), reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), coverage, signalto-interference ratio (SIR), stochastic geometry.

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“…However, in ultra dense scenarios, a narrow beam can cover several users simultaneously, users that can be multiplexed within the same beam. There are only few works that consider that a mmWave link can be used to establish communication with several end users simultaneously [22], [23]. In particular, [22] considers a dense urban scenario, and uses traffic light information to guide the beam directions chosen by the infrastructure nodes; however, [22] does not consider coordination between nodes as we do in this work.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Belief Propagation Solution for Beam Coordination in MmWave Vehicular Networks

Fazliu¹,

Malandrino²,

Chiasserini³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Millimeter-wave communication is widely seen as a promising option to increase the capacity of vehicular networks, where it is expected that connected cars will soon need to transmit and receive large amounts of data. Due to harsh propagation conditions, mmWave systems resort to narrow beams to serve their users, and such beams need to be configured according to traffic demand and its spatial distribution, as well as interference. In this work, we address the beam management problem, considering an urban vehicular network composed of gNBs. We first build an accurate, yet tractable, system model and formulate an optimization problem aiming at maximizing the total network data rate while accounting for the stochastic nature of the network scenario. Then we develop a graph-based model capturing the main system characteristics and use it to develop a belief propagation algorithmic framework, called CRAB, that has low complexity and, hence, can effectively cope with large-scale scenarios. We assess the performance of our approach under real-world settings and show that, in comparison to state-of-theart alternatives, CRAB provides on average a 50% improvement in the amount of data transferred by the single gNBs and up to 30% better user coverage.

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MmWave Beam Management in Urban Vehicular Networks

Cited by 25 publications

References 35 publications

“Pencil Beamforming Increases Human Exposure to ElectroMagnetic Fields”: True or False?

“Pencil Beamforming Increases Human Exposure to ElectroMagnetic Fields”: True or False?

RIS-Assisted Coverage Enhancement in Millimeter-Wave Cellular Networks

A Belief Propagation Solution for Beam Coordination in MmWave Vehicular Networks

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