Mode of Action of an Inhibitor from Agar on Growth and Hemagglutination of Group A Arboviruses

Colón, Julio I.; Idoine, Jane B.; Brand, Orville M.; Costlow, Richard D.

doi:10.1128/jb.90.1.172-179.1965

Cited by 19 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Although the present system works well enough for many applications, additional work will undoubtedly lead to many improvements. The substitution of a more purified agar preparation could eliminate certain nonspecific inhibitors (8,15). Such an inhibitor might well have been responsible for low or nonreactive antigens in the present gel diffusion system when the same antigen preparations titered substantially by CF and infectivity tests.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Arbovirus Identification by an Agar-Gel Diffusion Technique

Calisher¹,

Maness²

1970

Applied Microbiology

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A double diffusion-in-agar test was used to investigate precipitation reactions of 75 arboviruses. Specific reactions were regularly observed with members of arbovirus groups B, California, Simbu, Turlock, Hart Park, vesicular stomatitis, and several other arboviruses as well as with a member of the Tacaribe group and a herpesvirus. The results demonstrated the feasibility of applying this technique to the identification of arboviruses.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Arbovirus Identification by an Agar-Gel Diffusion Technique

Calisher¹,

Maness²

1970

Applied Microbiology

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“…When present during viral absorption, polyanions reduce the number of plaques formed in plaque assays (40), and pretreatment of certain cells with heparin can increase binding of SV (63). A sulfated polysaccharide contained in agar has been known for many years to inhibit the growth and decrease the plaque size of alphaviruses (4,11,57). Finally, the finding that treatment of cells with heparinase reduces the plaque-forming efficiency of SV (40) directly suggests that SV might bind to HS.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Binding of Sindbis Virus to Cell Surface Heparan Sulfate

Byrnes¹,

Griffin

1998

J Virol

262

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Alphaviruses are arthropod-borne viruses with wide species ranges and diverse tissue tropisms. The cell surface receptors which allow infection of so many different species and cell types are still incompletely characterized. We show here that the widely expressed glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate can participate in the binding of Sindbis virus to cells. Enzymatic removal of heparan sulfate or the use of heparan sulfate-deficient cells led to a large reduction in virus binding. Sindbis virus bound to immobilized heparin, and this interaction was blocked by neutralizing antibodies against the viral E2 glycoprotein. Further experiments showed that a high degree of sulfation was critical for the ability of heparin to bind Sindbis virus. However, Sindbis virus was still able to infect and replicate on cells which were completely deficient in heparan sulfate, indicating that additional receptors must be involved. Cell surface binding of another alphavirus, Ross River virus, was found to be independent of heparan sulfate.

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“…Unpublished data obtained in our laboratory and a number of other reports (15,22) reviewed recently by Barron and Karzon (1), and by Campbell and Colter (4), have shown that inhibitors in the agar influence the growth and plaque-forming ability of certain particles within a population. One explanation of this was shown by Colon et al (5), using several group A arboviruses, to be an interaction between an agar polysaccharide and susceptible virus particles; the 9t virus was agar polysaccharide-sensitive, but PES virus was not susceptible. More recently, it was reported that PES virus plaque size also is reduced under agar containing a low bicarbonate concentration that presumably allows the expression of agar inhibition (21).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties of Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus Accompanying Attenuation In Vitro

Hearn¹,

Soper²

1967

J Virol

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Virus obtained during serial plaque passage of the virulent parent egg seed (PES) of the Trinidad strain of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus produced only large plaques during either 3 serial plaque passages in chick fibroblasts or 10 plaque passages in L cells, and was lethal for mice by the intraperitoneal route. Virus showing these characteristics was designated the stable large-plaque (Ls) type. In contrast, virus obtained during serial plaque passage of the attenuated 9t strain in chick fibroblasts formed only very small plaques and was not lethal for mice by the intraperitoneal route. Virus showing these properties was designated the stable small-plaque (Ss) type. Under other passage conditions, however, large-plaque virus that yielded about 90% large and 10% small plaques was obtained; this virus was designated the unstable large or Lu type because it differed from the Ls type, which yielded only large plaques. The Lu type continued to yield the same ratio of large to small plaques for several plaque-to-plaque passages. In addition, small-plaque virus that yielded both large and small plaques and that showed a reduced capability to infect mice was also recovered. This virus was designated the unstable small or Su type because it differed from the Ss type in its higher level of virulence and in its plaque-forming properties. Thus, based upon the properties of virulence for mice and plaque size, four viral types could be discerned. The evidence suggests that serial passage in cell culture imposed environmental pressures that sequentially selected the following viral types: Ls, Lu, Su, and Ss.

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Mode of Action of an Inhibitor from Agar on Growth and Hemagglutination of Group A Arboviruses

Cited by 19 publications

References 13 publications

Arbovirus Identification by an Agar-Gel Diffusion Technique

Arbovirus Identification by an Agar-Gel Diffusion Technique

Binding of Sindbis Virus to Cell Surface Heparan Sulfate

Properties of Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus Accompanying Attenuation In Vitro

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