“…Various major changes in how animals fill their days, depending on what demands are being made on them, were reported within the field of animal behavior [ 44 ]. The routine daily use of alarm clocks presented the problem of sleep debt accumulated on workdays and raised a question of “social jet-lag” [ 20 , 45 ]. The broader question is: what is natural and what is unnatural in the human way of life?…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…“Larks” were defined as people who went to bed before 11 p.m. and got up before 8 a.m. An intermediate sleep type (“typical”) persons were defined as people who went to bed around 11:30 p.m./midnight and got up around 7:30/8 a.m. “Owls” were defined as people who went to bed at or after 12 p.m. and got up at or after 8 a.m. While arbitrary, these cut-off values for chronotypes have been used in previously published studies [ [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] ]. Subjects with a desynchronized sleep-wake cycle were defined as individuals without fixed bedtime and wake-up time both for nocturnal sleep and possible naps.…”
Background
The coronavirus pandemic presented a unique opportunity to study the daily temporal patterns and sleep habits of humans. The question to be explored was: Are there discernible differences in sleep between the normal operational environment and the stay-at-home condition?
Methods
This international prospective study analyzed results from the sleep-wake patterns questionnaire, daily logs, and interviews. Surveys were administered to the healthy volunteers (age 15–60 y) with stay-at-home for a month or more, without previous sleep disorders and mood-related complaints; volunteers were not involved in online education/work daily timetable-related activities.
Results
We analyzed 3787 subjects with average stay-at-home of 65 ± 9 days. The most significant changes in sleep occurred during the first ten days when the difference between weekdays and weekends disappeared and changes occurred in napping habits. The majority of the participants (66.8%) shifted toward eveningness when the self-selected sleep was possible and 1869 volunteers appeared to be owls (49.4%), 823 (21.7%) exercised “typical” sleep, 478 (12.6%) were larks, and 617 (16.3%) participants were completely desynchronized to the end of stay-at-home. In addition, 497 participants (13.1%) alternated their sleep habits. The most of the desynchronized participants (n = 414) were older than 50 years (age correlation r = 0.80), and predominantly males (n = 297, r = 0.76).
Conclusion
In self-selected sleep conditions, the timing of sleep and sleep habits significantly differ from those of socially and economically fixed daily routine conditions. The changes in daily temporal patterns of humans during a prolonged stay-at-home situation indicate that human sleep habits may change according to existing living conditions.
“…Various major changes in how animals fill their days, depending on what demands are being made on them, were reported within the field of animal behavior [ 44 ]. The routine daily use of alarm clocks presented the problem of sleep debt accumulated on workdays and raised a question of “social jet-lag” [ 20 , 45 ]. The broader question is: what is natural and what is unnatural in the human way of life?…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…“Larks” were defined as people who went to bed before 11 p.m. and got up before 8 a.m. An intermediate sleep type (“typical”) persons were defined as people who went to bed around 11:30 p.m./midnight and got up around 7:30/8 a.m. “Owls” were defined as people who went to bed at or after 12 p.m. and got up at or after 8 a.m. While arbitrary, these cut-off values for chronotypes have been used in previously published studies [ [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] ]. Subjects with a desynchronized sleep-wake cycle were defined as individuals without fixed bedtime and wake-up time both for nocturnal sleep and possible naps.…”
Background
The coronavirus pandemic presented a unique opportunity to study the daily temporal patterns and sleep habits of humans. The question to be explored was: Are there discernible differences in sleep between the normal operational environment and the stay-at-home condition?
Methods
This international prospective study analyzed results from the sleep-wake patterns questionnaire, daily logs, and interviews. Surveys were administered to the healthy volunteers (age 15–60 y) with stay-at-home for a month or more, without previous sleep disorders and mood-related complaints; volunteers were not involved in online education/work daily timetable-related activities.
Results
We analyzed 3787 subjects with average stay-at-home of 65 ± 9 days. The most significant changes in sleep occurred during the first ten days when the difference between weekdays and weekends disappeared and changes occurred in napping habits. The majority of the participants (66.8%) shifted toward eveningness when the self-selected sleep was possible and 1869 volunteers appeared to be owls (49.4%), 823 (21.7%) exercised “typical” sleep, 478 (12.6%) were larks, and 617 (16.3%) participants were completely desynchronized to the end of stay-at-home. In addition, 497 participants (13.1%) alternated their sleep habits. The most of the desynchronized participants (n = 414) were older than 50 years (age correlation r = 0.80), and predominantly males (n = 297, r = 0.76).
Conclusion
In self-selected sleep conditions, the timing of sleep and sleep habits significantly differ from those of socially and economically fixed daily routine conditions. The changes in daily temporal patterns of humans during a prolonged stay-at-home situation indicate that human sleep habits may change according to existing living conditions.
“…The following response of sleep to "lockdown" can be expected from the results of previous simulations of sleep times [2,4,5]. Due to a failure to accumulate "sleep debt" during weekdays, a shift from an earlier risetimes before "lockdown" to a later weekday risetimes during "lockdown" must lead to an increase of weekday sleep duration during "lockdown".…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 85%
“…This implies that “sleep debt” cannot be accumulated during weekdays, and if it cannot be accumulated during weekdays, there is nothing to be “paid” back during weekend nights. Therefore, the widely held belief in human ability to catch up on sleep over such weekend nights has not been validated by the model-based simulations [ 2 , 4 , 5 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…1A and C). This implies that [2,4,5]. By April 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic about half of the world's population was under some form of "lockdown" [6].…”
This is the fi rst review in chronopsychology, a relatively new interdisciplinary area of research which has developed rapidly at the junction of chronobiology, somnology, and psychology. Chronopsychology studies the mechanisms of rhythmicity in behavior and the mind based on methods of chronobiology, somnology, and psychometry. In particular, chronobiology studies biological clocks, while somnology addresses their infl uences on regulatory processes directly controlling the sleep-waking cycle, impairments to which have adverse impact on mental activity. Psychometric and differential psychology methods are widely used, for example, in studies of the chronotype and its relationship with a great diversity of human characteristics -genetic, psychophysiological, behavioral, cognitive, personality, and psychopathological. Particular attention is paid to sleep, drowsiness, fatigue, work/study productivity, and healthy/unhealthy lifestyles in people of different sexes and ages. Applied research includes the development -taking account of the chronotype of each specifi c person -of recommendations supporting preservation of good quality sleep and health in specifi c temporal situations, optimizing work/rest patterns, effi cient assimilation of new skills, and preventing accidents during vigorous activity at times of day unsuitable for these activities.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
