“…To gain a better understanding of the physical mechanism behind this, a series of experiments have been performed extensively in a tokamak environment and/or in laboratory accelerator systems, using comparatively low-energy H and He ions [7,10,[12][13][14][15][16]. However, the physical mechanism responsible for the deterioration is not yet very clear, although several modeling and simulation approaches, e.g., molecular dynamic, multiscale, and atomistic, have also been tried [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]. An understanding of the material properties in a fusion environment is essential for better operation, safety, and performance of fusion reactors.…”