“…Purchasing decisions have been widely studied by previous researchers, including: (Maharani & Saputra, 2021), (Chauhan & Hudaya, 2020), (Al Hafizi & Ali, 2021), (Bimaruci et al, 2020), (F. Saputra & Mahaputra, 2022c), (Ilhamalimy & Ali, 2021), (F. Saputra & Mahaputra, 2022a).…”