Modeling and analyzing ghost images for incoherent optical systems

Abstract

In a previous paper [Proc. SPIEPSISDG0277-786X7428, 742807 (2009)10.1117/12.828564], a methodology was developed to model and analyze incoherent ghosts that are formed by two reflections in the paraxial regime. In this paper, we extend the previously developed methodology to model and analyze ghost images that are formed by N (even) reflections. Rather than dealing with ghosts as spots of light, we apply the concept that each ghost has a structure in the nonparaxial regime that depends on the optical system parameters. A methodology to determine the fourth-order ghost aberration function is developed. We present new key parameters for ghost image formation, namely the ghost sagittal and tangential image surfaces. An expression for the paraxial ghost image irradiance distribution of the point object at the nominal image plane is derived. Since focused ghosts are the most bothersome ghosts, tools are proposed to identify potential problematic ghosts. Simulation examples are provided and are used to validate the developed methodology.

Optical performance of coherent and incoherent imaging systems in the presence of ghost images

“…Each ghost optical system consists of a specific layout resulting in certain geometric and radiometric properties that are in general different from those of the nominal optical system. In a previous work, a flow chart was introduced to generate the possible ghost layouts from the nominal layout [12][13][14]. For each possible ghost layout, paraxial sequential ray tracing is performed to determine the ghost second-order specifications and the ghost fourth-order aberration function.…”

“…The ghost depth of focus can become a useful design tool when considering a system that is normally prone to ghosts. In the nonparaxial regime, off-axis ghosts may be focused at the nominal image plane if there is an intersection between the sagittal/ tangential ghost image surface and the nominal image plane [12].…”

“…Perrin used a CODE V macro (PARASIT) to perform calculations on the most significant ghost images, using geometrical analysis by Monte Carlo ray tracing, then physical analysis using the point spread function (PSF) calculations, whenever necessary [11]. In previous work, a methodology to model and analyze ghost images was developed using geometrical optics [12][13][14][15]. Sequential ray tracing is used to determine the ghost second-and fourth-order properties.…”

Determination of ghost images for the wide angle camera of the Rosetta ESA mission

“…The presence of the ARP in the Focal Plane Assembly (FPA) and the filters give rise to a common problem with visible cameras, that is the formation of ghost images; ghosts are created by the reflection of the beam inside the filters/ARP or by multiple reflections from the detector, filter and ARP surfaces [12] [13]. These ghosts are evident in an image as attenuated and defocused halos generally displaced or overlapped to the original features.…”

Synthesis, Characterization and Anti-Corrosion Properties of Novel Quinolinol on C-steel in a Molar Hydrochloric Acid Solution

“…Several authors have showed that most inhibitors were adsorbed onto the metal surface by displacing water molecules from the surface and forming a compact barrier film [13,32,33]. Perusal of literature reveals that many N-heterocyclic compounds such as pyrimidine derivatives [14], triazole derivatives [15], tetrazole derivatives [16], phenyltetrazole derivatives [17,18], indole derivatives [19], pyridazine derivatives [20], and benzimidazole derivatives [21], to mention but a few, have been used for the corrosion inhibition of iron or steel in acidic media. The effectiveness of quinoxaline derivatives (N-heterocyclic compounds) as effective corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in acid media has been reported [22][23][24].…”