Modeling and design of a vibration energy harvester using the magnetic shape memory effect

Abstract

In this study, a vibration energy harvester is investigated which uses a Ni–Mn–Ga sample that is mechanically strained between 130 and 300 Hz while in a constant biasing magnetic field. The crystallographic reorientation of the sample during mechanical actuation changes its magnetic properties due to the magnetic shape memory (MSM) effect. This leads to an oscillation of the magnetic flux in the yoke which generates electrical energy by inducing an alternating current within the pick-up coils. A power of 69.5 mW (with a corresponding power density of 1.37 mW mm−3 compared to the active volume of the MSM element) at 195 Hz was obtained by optimizing the biasing magnetic field, electrical resistance and electrical resonance. The optimization of the electrical resonance increased the energy generated by nearly a factor of four when compared to a circuit with no resonance. These results are strongly supported by a theoretical model and simulation which gives corresponding values with an error of approximately 20% of the experimental data. This model will be used in the design of future MSM energy harvesters and their optimization for specific frequencies and power outputs.

Additive Manufacturing from the Point of View of Materials Research

“…Micropumps [33], magnetic sensors, energy harvesters [32,35,37], actuators [34,36,38] Magnetic shape memory effect Magnetic field Strain [39,40] Cr2O3 [41,42] Information storage [40], energy harvesting, resonators [42] optoelectronics, transducers, radioelectronics [43] microwaves [44], sensors, optical components [45,46], spintronics and medicine [46] Electric current Magnetic field Photovoltaic Light Electric current Silicon [47], gallium arsenide [48],…”

“…These characteristics may be beneficial in several applications, such as in robotics, biomedical applications and optics. For instance, fast actuators/sensors [34,176], micropumps [33], and vibration energy harvesters [35] have been identified as potential applications for MSM materials. However, commercial applications of MSM materials are still limited, possibly due to the relatively young age of the technology itself compared to competing piezo ceramics or giant magnetostrictive materials.…”

Overview of Human Walking Induced Energy Harvesting Technologies and Its Possibility for Walking Robotics

“…When the small generator, shown in Figure 4, is placed into a military boot heel to harvest human walking energy from foot strikes, it can generate up to 1 W of electricity by taking one step a second [43][44][45]. In addition, magnetostrictive material and magnetic shape memory alloy are also most frequently concerned as they perform energy conversion efficiently [46,47]. Many efforts are devoted to vibration energy harvesting with those materials, and mechanical kinetic energy has been converted into electrical energy successfully [48][49][50].…”

Thermal effects on high-frequency magnetic-field-induced martensite reorientation in ferromagnetic shape memory alloys: An experimental and theoretical investigation

“…Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloy (FSMA) is a typical smart material with thermo-magneto-mechanical coupling, which can provide a large recoverable deformation (up to 10% strain) by the temperature-, stress-or magnetic-field-induced phase transformation (PT) (Arndt et al, 2006;Bruno et al, 2016;Cisse et al, 2016;Haldar et al, 2014;Kainuma et al, 2006;Karaca et al, 2006;Liu et al, 2014;Rogovoy and Stolbova, 2016;Sehitoglu et al, 2012;Sutou et al, 2004) and the magneto-mechanically-driven martensite reorientation (MR) (Chen et al, 2014(Chen et al, , 2013Cisse et al, 2016;Dai et al, 2018;He et al, 2012Heczko et al, 2016;Karaca et al, 2006;Lagoudas, 2005, 2004;Molnar et al, 2008;Murray et al, 2000;O'Handley et al, 2000), leading to various potential engineering applications. Normally, the martensitic phase transformation of FSMA needs to be triggered by a high-level stress or a strong magnetic field, and is accompanied by large latent heat release/absorption that can be used as energy harvesters (Basaran, 2009;Saren et al, 2015;Sayyaadi et al, n.d.) and magneto-caloric refrigerators (Franco and Conde, 2012;Qu et al, 2017;Zhao et al, 2017). On the other hand, the martensite reorientation can be driven by a low stress (~1 MPa) or a weak magnetic field (< 1 Tesla) and has small hysteresis and energy dissipation, which are suitable for the applications such as actuators (Asua et al, 2014;Majewska et al, 2010;Smith et al, 2014;Techapiesancharoenkij et al, 2009;Yin et al, 2016) and sensors (Hobza et al, 2018;…”