Modeling and Optimization of Low Chirp<tex>$rm LiNbO_3$</tex>Mach–Zehnder Modulators With an Inverted Ferroelectric Domain Section

High-speed signal processing and discrimination utilizing polarization-reversed electro-optic devices

“…By utilizing the polarization reversal technique, several optical modulators have been proposed and demonstrated [4]- [9]. These modulators are mainly for the application to the standard telecom systems and microwave photonic systems.…”

Micro‐structured integrated electro‐optic LiNbO3 modulators

“…In fact, under temperature variations domain inversion (opposite crystal orientations) causes opposite-sign charges to develop at the interfaces and to produce opposite sign electric fields in the waveguides which tend to cancel each other out, thus reducing thermal drifts. Longitudinal domain inversion can be used to appropriately induce the targeted chirp in single-drive asymmetric structure [12] or to tailor the electro-optic response to embedding optical filtering into the modulator [44].…”

“…Domain inversion (DI) in ferroelectrics, as LiNbO 3 , has been widely exploited in all-optical processes, from quasi-phase-matched second harmonic generation to optical parametric oscillation and WDM frequency conversion [24][25][26][27]. So far its use in electro-optics, has been mostly limited to quasi-velocitymatching devices using periodic structures [19,28] or to achieve a desired chirp value for high-frequency and broadband modulators [12]. More recently, domain engineering of z-cut LiNbO 3 structures has been proposed to produce large bandwidth and very low voltage modulators where the push-pull effect in the interferometric structure has been obtained by placing the waveguides in opposite-sign electrooptic coefficient regions (i.e.…”

Integrated devices in ferroelectrics for optical modulations and sensing

“…DI produces a sign reversal of the second-order nonlinear optical properties in particular the nonlinear optical coefficient and, the piezoelectric coefficient responsible for the EO and AO effects respectively. Recently, DI has been used to produce large bandwidth and low driving voltage modulation [2], a desired chirp value for the output EO-modulated optical wave [3], and to realize single-side-band modulators [4]. DI has also been employed in AO devices, leveraging its capabilities to generate bulk and surface acoustic waves [5,6] with uniform electrodes.…”