“…Analytical, numerical, and empirical approaches have been used to model the cutting operation. The output of the cutting model, directly or indirectly, is used to estimate machining objective functions, such as process productivity [18], machined part quality [19], production cost [20], tool life [21,22], chatter stability thresholds [23,24], energy consumption [25,26], and carbon emissions [27,28]. Online process optimization is defined as a numerical control process in which the machining parameters are regulated based on time-varying feedback [29].…”