Modeling and Simulations in the Earthing Calculations

Sobolewski, Konrad

doi:10.1109/cpee47179.2019.8949132

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The above result is no surprise given the well-known analogy between the equations that govern electrostatics and steady currents [9][10][11][12]. Moreover, in (17), the term ε/σ = τ (of the order of nanoseconds) is recognized to be the time constant, or the relaxation time, of the ground medium.…”

Section: Electrode Capacitance and Inductancementioning

confidence: 93%

“…where τ is the relaxation time of the soil in (17), and δ = 2/(ωµ 0 σ) is the familiar field penetration depth-a ubiquitous parameter in skin-effect theory [12]. Albeit a tedious task, one can also derive similar PDEs for both the polar and radial electric field components:…”

Section: Frequency-domain Differential Equations For the Field Compon...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[9][10][11][12][13]. Moreover, because of the simplicity of the expression of the hemispherical electrode resistance, the latter is often used, as a standard, to assess the accuracy of software programs developed for the simulation of grounding systems [13][14][15][16][17].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Complex Impedance of the Hemispherical Ground Electrode: An Open Analytical Problem

Faria,

Pedro,

Machado

2023

Energies

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The hemispherical ground electrode is a basic electrode whose analysis appears in many textbooks on electromagnetics in chapters dedicated to steady currents. Considering a soil with a given resistivity and an electrode with a given perimeter, the electrode DC resistance is simply calculated from the ratio resistivity/perimeter. Strangely, the generalization of this result to AC regimes is missing. The issue of the frequency-domain impedance of the hemispherical ground electrode has been avoided in the literature despite its trivial geometry. But the problem is indeed not easy; electromagnetic field calculation involves Legendre and Bessel functions; the application of boundary conditions involves an infinite set of points, and some integrals involved need to be calculated recursively. We analyzed the math and physics of the problem but failed to find a closed-form solution. This article with “negative results” can, however, be useful; on one hand it may prevent researchers from wasting their time following the same steps, and, on the other hand, it may attract the interest of new researchers to the subject, ultimately, accelerating its analytical solution (if the solution exists).

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Section: Electrode Capacitance and Inductancementioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Frequency-domain Differential Equations For the Field Compon...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Complex Impedance of the Hemispherical Ground Electrode: An Open Analytical Problem

Faria,

Pedro,

Machado

2023

Energies

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“…The flow of current through the earth electrodes causes a voltage drop on the conductive earthing elements, and consequently, an electric field is created. The distribution of the potential on the ground surface depends on the geometric dimensions and shape of the earth electrode and the geoelectric properties of the soil, mainly the soil resistivity 𝜌 and its layered structure [11,12]. Due to such ambiguities, a frequent practical question is how to make an earth electrode for such a structure and its dimensions.…”

Section: Grounding Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Archives of Electrical Engineering

Sobolewski,

Sobieska

2022

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The aim of the considerations presented in the article was a stand-alone groundbased photovoltaic power plant. The article is devoted to the qualitative analysis of some lightning protection configurations. These types of constructions often require an individual look at the design and execution of lightning protection installations, which causes problems with the selection of optimal solutions. These problems relate primarily to the way the lightning rods are arranged to create protection zones, but also to the way they are attached: to the supporting structure for PV modules or as free-standing. Another problem raised in the article is the way how lightning current is discharged from rods to the ground and how it is dispersed there. Due to the vast area of such facilities and the requirements for electrical safety, it is necessary to consider and design a ground system with optimal electrical parameters, but also technical and economic ones. All these elements have their impact on the value of voltages induced in the electrical installation, which is also presented in the content of the article as the magnetic field distribution and calculation of induced voltages in an exemplary configuration. Finally, this article will compare described technical solutions encountered in selecting the best protection method for this type of photovoltaic installation.

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“…Grounding resistance is a key parameter to characterize the grounding device. In order to evaluate the role of the tower foundation, simplified formulas for estimating the grounding resistance were proposed under the assumption that the concrete resistivity is the same as that of the soil [10]. The utilization coefficients of the formulas for calculating grounding resistance of transmission tower grounding devices were summarized [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Method for Calculating Grounding Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Foundation Grounding Systems

Dou

et al. 2022

Energies

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Tower foundations have been used as grounding electrodes to reduce the area of the grounding devices. However, it is difficult to calculate the grounding resistance due to the complex structure of the reinforced concrete foundation. A method for calculating grounding resistance of reinforced concrete foundations is proposed in this paper. The method equates the complex foundation structure into a cylindrical conductor and then calculates the grounding resistance with the help of the method of moments, which simplifies establishment of the simulation model and reduces the extensive computation. In addition, the applicability of the equal cross-sectional area method and the equal cross-sectional perimeter method is analyzed. It shows that both methods are applicable only when the concrete resistivity is close to the soil resistivity. The equal cross-sectional area method is applicable when the concrete resistivity is within twice the soil resistivity, while the equal cross-sectional perimeter method is applicable when the concrete resistivity is approximately same or less than the resistivity of the soil.

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Modeling and Simulations in the Earthing Calculations

Cited by 3 publications

References 1 publication

The Complex Impedance of the Hemispherical Ground Electrode: An Open Analytical Problem

The Complex Impedance of the Hemispherical Ground Electrode: An Open Analytical Problem

Archives of Electrical Engineering

A Method for Calculating Grounding Resistance of Reinforced Concrete Foundation Grounding Systems

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