“…Earlier research indicated that Darcy's equation is empirically derived to describe the macroscopic characteristics of flow in porous medium (Alazmi & Vafai, 2001;Lage, 1998;Pokrajac, Manes, & McEwan, 2007;Whitaker, 1986;Zeng & Grigg, 2006), which established a relationship between mean porous flow velocity and the pressure gradient in the porous medium. There are several researches using a mesh-free particle method to include the Darcy velocity in the source term in the flow equation to study the interface of fluid and porous structures using SPH model (Gui, Dong, Shao, & Chen, 2015;Pahar & Dhar, 2016) and describe the wetting phenomena on the pore scale (Kunz et al, 2016). As the velocity increases, Darcy's law will overestimate the porous velocity (Chan et al, 2007;Ochoa-Tapia & Whitaker, 1995;Pedras & de Lemos, 2001).…”