“…rock, concrete, ceramics, etc. Many models have been developed in the field of computational fracture mechanics, such as linear and nonlinear elastic fracture mechanics based methods (Bittencourt et al, 1996;Ingraffea and Manu, 1980;Swenson and Ingraffea, 1988), the extended finite element method (XFEM) (Belytschko and Black, 1999;Karihaloo and Xiao, 2003;Melenk and Babuška, 1996;Sukumar and Prévost, 2003), the cohesive-zone model (Bocca et al, 1991;de Borst, 2003) and meshless methods, such as the element free Galerkin method (EFGM) (Bordas et al, 2008;Fleming et al, 1997). Moreover, discontinuumbased numerical methods that are originally used for granular materials, such as the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method (Das and Cleary, 2010;Gray et al, 2001;Ma et al, 2011) and the discrete element method (DEM) (Cundall and Strack, 1979;Morris et al, 2004;Shi and Goodman, 1985) have also become increasingly popular in fracture modelling.…”