Modeling of automotive fuel cell operation in driving cycles

Maxoulis, Christos N.; Tsinoglou, Dimitrios N.; Koltsakis, G. C.

doi:10.1016/s0196-8904(03)00176-6

Cited by 64 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The equality constraints h i in (18) can be used together with Definition 1 where two driving cycles are equivalent with respect to some measures if these measures are identical for the two driving cycles. The inequality constraints are more of the type that the driving cycle shall be feasible, e.g., by not exceeding the maximum acceleration as formulated in (22) or keeping the traction and non-traction regions as in (20) and (21). Regarding the cost function it should first be recalled that it is an alternative to the equation based approach in [47].…”

Section: G Methods Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Driving cycles have mainly been used to assess exhaust gas emissions of vehicles [3], [7]- [14], to evaluate different control strategies for vehicles [15]- [20], in vehicle design and sizing of components [21]- [27], and also in concept studies [2], [28]. A typical example of a legislative certification driving cycle for type approval for light-duty vehicles in Europe is the NEDC which is shown in Fig.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Driving Cycle Equivalence and Transformation

Nyberg

Frisk

Nielsen

2017

IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.

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Abstract-There is a current strong trend where driving cycles are used extensively in vehicle design, especially for calibration and tuning of all powertrain systems for control and diagnosis. In such situations it is essential to capture real driving, and therefore using only a few driving cycles would lead to the risk that a test or a design would be tailored to details in a specific driving cycle. Consequently there are now widespread activities using techniques from statistics, big data and mission modeling to address these issues. For all such methods there is an important final step to calibrate a representative cycle to adhere to fair propulsion requirements on the driven wheels over a cycle. For this a general methodology has been developed, applicable to a wide range of problems involving driving cycle transformations. It is based on a definition of equivalence for driving cycles that loosely speaking defines being similar without being the same. Based on this, a set of algorithms are developed to transform a given driving cycle into an equivalent one, or into a cycle with given equivalence measure. The transformations are effectively handled as a nonlinear program that is solved using general purpose optimization techniques. The proposed method is general and a wide range of constraints can be used.

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Section: G Methods Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Driving Cycle Equivalence and Transformation

Nyberg

Frisk

Nielsen

2017

IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol.

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“…In the past driving cycles have mainly been used to assess exhaust gas emissions of vehicles (André, 2004;André et al, 2006;Wang et al, 2000;Fontaras et al, 2009;Wang et al, 2008;Zervas and Bikas, 2008;Pelkmans and Debal, 2006) but they can also be used to evaluate different control strategies for vehicles as in (Pisu and Rizzoni, 2007;Koot et al, 2005;Manzie et al, 2007;Park et al, 2009;Gao et al, 2009;Stockar et al, 2011). Driving cycles have also been used in vehicle design and sizing of components (Maxoulis et al, 2004;Hellgren and Jonasson, 2007;Smith et al, 2011;Souffran et al, 2012;Murgovski et al, 2012;Jaafar et al, 2013;Pourabdollah et al, 2013;Hu et al, 2014).…”

Section: Populärvetenskaplig Sammanfattningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation, Generation, and Transformation of Driving Cycles

Nyberg

2015

Linköping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations

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Driving cycles are important components for evaluation and design of vehicles. They determine the focus of vehicle manufacturers, and indirectly they affect the environmental impact of vehicles since the vehicle control system is usually tuned to one or several driving cycles. Thus, the driving cycle affects the design of the vehicle since cost, fuel consumption, and emissions all depend on the driving cycle used for design. Since the existing standard driving cycles cannot keep up with the changing road infrastructure, the changing vehicle fleet composition, and the growing number of vehicles on the road, which do all cause changes in the driver behavior, the need to get new and representative driving cycles are increasing. A research question is how to generate these new driving cycles so that they are both representative and at the same time have certain equivalence properties, to make fair comparisons of the performance results. Besides generation, another possibility to get more driving cycles is to transform the existing ones into new, different, driving cycles considering equivalence constraints.With the development of new powertrain concepts the need for evaluation will increase, and an interesting question is how to utilize new developments in dynamometer technology together with new possibilities for connecting equipment. Here a pedal robot is developed to be used in a vehicle mounted in a chassis dynamometer and the setup is used for co-simulation together with a moving base simulator that is connected with a communication line. The results show that the co-simulation can become a realistic driving experience and a viable option for dangerous tests and a complement to tests on a dedicated track or on-road tests, if improvements on the braking and the vehicle feedback to the driver are implemented.The problem of generating representative driving cycles, with specified excitation at the wheels, is approached with a combined two-step method. A Markov chain approach is used to generate candidate driving cycles that are then transformed to equivalent driving cycles with respect to the mean tractive force components, which are the used measures. Using an optimization methodology the transformation of driving cycles is formulated as a nonlinear program with constraints and a cost function to minimize. The nonlinear program formulation can handle a wide range of constraints, e.g., the mean tractive force components, different power measures, or available energy for recuperation, and using the vehicle jerk as cost function gives good drivability.In conclusion, methods for driving cycle design have been proposed where new driving cycles can either be generated from databases, or given driving cycles can be transformed to fulfill certain equivalence constraints, approaching the important problem of similar but not the same. The combination of these approaches yields a stochastic and general method to generate driving cycles with equivalence properties that can be used at several instances during the prod...

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“…In this study we expand upon state-of-the-art fuel cell vehicle modeling approaches [15][16][17][18][19][20][21] by coupling a system model with a detailed multiphysics single-cell model [22]. We introduce a multimethodology modeling and simulation approach for PEMFC performance and durability over realistic driving cycles and complete cell lifetime.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A multi-timescale modeling methodology for PEMFC performance and durability in a virtual fuel cell car

Mayur

Strahl

Husar

et al. 2015

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

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Abstract.The durability of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) is governed by a nonlinear coupling between system demand, component behavior, and physicochemical degradation mechanisms, occurring on timescales from the sub-second to the thousand-hour. We present a simulation methodology for assessing performance and durability of a PEMFC under automotive driving cycles. The simulation framework consists of (a) a fuel cell car model converting velocity to cell power demand, (b) a 2D multiphysics cell model, (c) a flexible degradation library template that can accommodate physically-based component-wise degradation mechanisms, and (d) a time-upscaling methodology for extrapolating degradation during a representative load cycle to multiple cycles. The computational framework describes three different time scales, (1) sub-second timescale of electrochemistry, (2) minute-timescale of driving cycles, and (3) thousand-hour-timescale of cell ageing. We demonstrate an exemplary PEMFC durability analysis due to membrane degradation under a highly transient loading of the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC).

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Modeling of automotive fuel cell operation in driving cycles

Cited by 64 publications

References 20 publications

Driving Cycle Equivalence and Transformation

Driving Cycle Equivalence and Transformation

Evaluation, Generation, and Transformation of Driving Cycles

A multi-timescale modeling methodology for PEMFC performance and durability in a virtual fuel cell car

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