Modeling the effect of sonication parameters on size and dispersion temperature of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) by response surface methodology (RSM)

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sonication time and pulse frequency on average dispersion temperature (ART), particle size and zeta potential of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). A two-factor, three-level response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize sonication time between 5 and 15 min and pulse frequency from 30 to 90%. SLNs made from stearyl alcohol (SA) and cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) blend at 1:3 ratio were prepared by applying high-shear homogenization and sonication. Pulse frequency and time were found to have a significant effect on particle size and ART. The effect of sonication parameters on zeta potential, however, was insignificant. The optimal sonication parameters for preparing 100 nm SLNs made from a SA/CTAB blend was 60% pulse frequency at 40% power for 10 min. Optimized sonication parameters were then used to investigate the effect of lipid type on SLN size and zeta potential. The mean particle sizes of SLNs made with SA, cetyl palmitate, Precirol®, Dynasan118® and Compritol® were 98, 190, 350, 350 and 280 nm, respectively. In conclusion, pulse frequency and time were found to be critical for obtaining SLNs with desirable size, whereas the stability of the SLNs was dependent on their lipid content.

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“…It was observed that as sonication time was increased from 1 min to 12.5 min, the particle size was gradually decreased which might be attributed to energy provided by sonication which reduced the size of coarse dispersion into nano-droplets [18]. Entrapment efficiency was not significantly affected by sonication time upto 10 min.…”

“…Sonication works by producing cavitation transit in the dispersion and its effectiveness depends on viscosity and density of dispersion which in turn is affected by formulation temperature. It is essential to maintain temperature above melting point of lipid to facilitate breakdown of dispersion [18]. The results showed that at 20 to 40% sonication amplitude, particle size was more than 200 nm indicating that low intensity of sonication was unable to reduce particle size efficiently.…”

“…It was reported that sonication efficiency increases when the medium temperature is low. When the temperature of the medium increases due to cavitation, the medium expands, leading to the production of less energetic shock waves from bubble implosion [18]. So, at higher sonication time, efficiency of sonication decreased which increased particle size (Figure 5c).…”

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“…It is known that a zeta potential of ±30 mV is able to stabilize nanoparticle formulations. 37,38 In this test, the zeta potential of the nanoparticles emulsion was -28.7±1.94 mV, which was efficient in stabilizing the system.…”

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“…Moreover, the shockwaves can create high velocity inter-particle collisions. 21 In this way, when the surfactant content is increased, the low level of power input is enough for inhibition of the particles size growth, but the continuous increase in the power input and cycles would probably cause damages to the stabilizer layer and might induce agglomeration and particles size increase. 20 The particle size of nanosuspensions was also affected by the interaction of solid content and the time interval of acid addition.…”