Microbial synthesis of target chemicals usually involves
multienzymatic
reactions in vivo, especially for compounds with
a long metabolic pathway. However, when various genes are introduced
into one single strain, it leads to a heavy metabolic burden. In contrast,
the microbial coculture system can allocate metabolic pathways into
different hosts, which will relieve the metabolic burdens. Escherichia coli is the most used chassis to synthesize
biofuels and chemicals owing to its well-known genetics, high transformation
efficiency, and easy cultivation. Accordingly, cocultures containing
the cooperative E. coli with other microbial species
have received great attention. In this review, the individual applications
and boundedness of different combinations will be summarized. Additionally,
the strategies for the self-regulation of population composition,
which can help enhance the stability of a coculture system, will also
be discussed. Finally, perspectives for the cocultures will be proposed.