Modeling the fatigue crack growth of X100 pipeline steel in gaseous hydrogen

Amaro, Robert L.; Rustagi, Neha; Findley, Kip O.; Drexler, Elizabeth S.; Slifka, Andrew J.

doi:10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2013.08.010

Cited by 90 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Table shows the result of a literature survey regarding the purity of hydrogen gas used for experiments . As described above, oxygen and other specific gas impurities contained in hydrogen gas environment have inhibitory effects on hydrogen‐induced degradation of material strength.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibitory effect of oxygen on hydrogen‐induced fracture of A333 pipe steel

Komoda

Kubota

Staykov

et al. 2019

Fatigue Fract Eng Mat Struct

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The effect of oxygen contained in hydrogen gas environment as an impurity on hydrogen environment embrittlement (HEE) of A333 pipe steel was studied through the fracture toughness tests in hydrogen gases. The oxygen contents in the hydrogen gases were 100, 10, and 0.1 vppm. A significant reduction in the J‐Δa curve was observed in the hydrogen with 0.1‐vppm oxygen. Under given loading conditions, the embrittling effect of hydrogen was completely inhibited by 100 vppm of oxygen. In the case of the hydrogen with 10‐vppm oxygen, initially the embrittling effect of hydrogen was fully inhibited, and then subsequently appeared. It was confirmed that 1‐vppm oxygen reduced the embrittling effect of hydrogen. The results can be explained by the predictive model of HEE proposed by Somerday et al.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inhibitory effect of oxygen on hydrogen‐induced fracture of A333 pipe steel

Komoda

Kubota

Staykov

et al. 2019

Fatigue Fract Eng Mat Struct

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“…Previous work from Amaro et al . indicated that lower frequencies resulted in larger values of FCGR for the same Δ K , when Δ K is less than approximately 15 MPa · m 1/2 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…All of the data obtained for this study had similar knees at approximately 13 MPa · m 1/2 . Fractography in past studies has revealed a change in the fracture mode at the equivalent crack length to this knee in the d a /d N curve. It appears that the crack changed from a predominantly intergranular fracture mode to a predominantly transgranular fracture mode.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Fatigue crack growth rates of API X70 pipeline steel in a pressurized hydrogen gas environment

Drexler

Slifka

Amaro

et al. 2013

Fatigue Fract Eng Mat Struct

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A B S T R A C T Hydrogen is known to have a deleterious effect on most engineering alloys. It has been shown repeatedly that the strength of steels is inversely related to the ductility of the material in hydrogen gas. However, the fatigue properties with respect to strength are not as well documented or understood. Here, we present the results of tests of the fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) on API X70 from two sources. The two materials were tested in air, 5.5 and 34 MPa pressurized hydrogen gas, and at both 1 and 0.1 Hz. At these hydrogen pressures, the FCGR increases above that of air for all values of the stress intensity factor range (ΔK) greater than~7 MPa · m 1/2 . The effect of hydrogen is particularly sensitive at values of ΔK below~15 MPa · m 1/2 . That is, for values of ΔK between 7 and 15 MPa · m 1/2 , the FCGR rapidly increases from approximately that found in air to as much as two orders of magnitude above that in air. Above 15 MPa · m 1/2 , the FCGR remains approximately one to two orders of magnitude higher than that of air.Keywords fatigue; fatigue crack growth rate; hydrogen environment assisted cracking; hydrogen-induced cracking; pipeline steel; X70 steel. N O M E N C L A T U R Ea = crack length A, b, a1, a2, B1, B2, m1 and d1 = fitting parameters API = American Petroleum Institute ASME = American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASTM = American Society for Testing and Materials C(T) = compact tension da/dN = fatigue crack growth rate FCGR = fatigue crack growth rate FPZ = fatigue process zone H (Heaviside step function) = 0 or 1 HA-FCG = hydrogen-assisted fatigue crack growth N = number of cycles P H = hydrogen pressure P H th = Threshold Hydrogen Pressure Q = effective activation energy R = universal gas constant (8.314 J/mol K) R a = average surface roughness T = absolute temperature V = partial molar volume of hydrogen w = width of the specimen ΔK = stress intensity factor range σ h = hydrostatic stress at the crack tip σ y = yield stress σ UTS = ultimate tensile stress Correspondence: E. S. Drexler.

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“…Unlike ductility in a tension test, steels with higher yield strengths do not exhibit higher fatigue crack growth rates Microstructure appears to have an effect on fatigue crack growth, with fine microstructures resulting in higher growth rates The effect of pressure on fatigue crack growth also appears to be different for different microstructures The data has been used to develop a model for hydrogen effects on pipeline steel fatigue crack growth [14,15] which can predict pipeline lifetime based on assumed operating parameters. The existence of this data and model have provided the technical basis for proposed code changes that will enable pipeline engineers to reduce their materials usage and subsequent welding labor and materials costs when specifying a hydrogen pipeline.…”

Section: Development Of Improved Hydrogen Pipeline Codesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic impact of applying high strength steels in hydrogen gas pipelines

Fekete

Sowards

Amaro

2015

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

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Available online xxx Keywords:Steel Hydrogen Pipeline Fatigue Welding Cost a b s t r a c t Steel pipelines will likely be employed extensively to transport gaseous hydrogen in support of a future clean energy economy. To date, a hydrogen-specific cost analysis of pipeline installation has not been produced. This paper performs several cost analyses in order to quantify cost differentials associated with hydrogen pipeline installation relative to (a) natural gas pipeline installation, (b) use of different pipe diameters and operating pressures, (c) use of X70 pipeline steel, and (d) use of X70 pipeline steel given a potential change in governing design code. The analysis concluded that there is a sizeable cost increase between natural gas and hydrogen pipeline installation (as much as 68%, depending upon conditions). Furthermore, the analysis concludes that considerable cost savings can be realized if the hydrogen pipeline design/engineering code were modified to allow the use of X70 steel without penalty. Cost saving on the order of 32% may be realized, relative to use of X52 designed to the current code.

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Modeling the fatigue crack growth of X100 pipeline steel in gaseous hydrogen

Cited by 90 publications

References 48 publications

Inhibitory effect of oxygen on hydrogen‐induced fracture of A333 pipe steel

Inhibitory effect of oxygen on hydrogen‐induced fracture of A333 pipe steel

Fatigue crack growth rates of API X70 pipeline steel in a pressurized hydrogen gas environment

Economic impact of applying high strength steels in hydrogen gas pipelines

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