Modeling the metabolic fate of dietary phosphorus and calcium and the dynamics of body ash content in growing pigs

Abstract

A better understanding of the fate of dietary P use by growing pigs will allow an optimization of P use and enhance sustainable practices. The optimization of P utilization is complicated by the multiple criteria, such as growth performance, bone mineralization, and manure P used for assessment of needs. Mathematical modeling is a useful tool to describe relevant biological mechanisms and predict relationships that describe the whole system behavior. Modeling allows development of robust multicriteria approaches to optimize P utilization, feeding cost, and manure application cost. This paper describes and evaluates a model developed to simulate the fate of dietary P, that is, to simulate its digestive and metabolic utilization through digestion, soft tissue, and ash modules. The digestion module takes into account the varied sources of dietary minerals including responses to microbial and plant phytase and Ca and P interactions and predicts absorption and fecal excretion. The soft tissue module simulates the growth of the protein and is based on InraPorc model principles. The ash module simulates the partitioning of absorbed Ca and P into the bone, protein, and lipid compartments as well as urinary excretion. Model behavior showed that the model was able to accurately represent the impact of Lys deficiency on P retention, of Ca and P imbalances, and of Ca and P depletion and repletion sequences. The model's prediction capabilities in simulating whole-body protein, Ca, P, and ash based on published data showed high accuracy, with a slope and intercept that did not differ from 1 and 0, respectively, and an error due to disturbance (ED; variance not accounted for by regression of observed on predicted values). The model's prediction capabilities in simulating balance trial data showed good accuracy for apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of P (observed = -0.77 + 1.06 predicted) and P retention coefficient (observed = -4.5 + 1.15 predicted) with an ED of 89% for both criteria. The model's prediction capabilities in simulating Ca ATTD and Ca retention coefficient are lower (ED of 88 and 28%, respectively). This model simulates body ash independently of body protein and accounts for the impact of past and current dietary Ca and P supply. That ability is essential for the real-time adaptation of mineral supplies to suit individual production objectives, which would contribute to the overall success of pig production.

Phosphorus and calcium requirements of growing pigs and sows

“…In Fandrejewsky et al (1986) the Ca/P ratio was as high as 1.75 in pigs with an empty body P content of 5.85 g/kg EBW. This effect of P-supply on retained Ca/P ratio in the body is generally not taken into account, apart from the model of Létourneau-Montminy et al (2015) who distinguished bone and soft tissue pools. In this model the composition of the soft tissue, including P content, is assumed constant and largely determined by protein and energy intake, thus retaining part of the absorbed P and a small amount of Ca.…”

“…With regard to urinary losses, it is assumed that when P and Ca are well below the requirements, almost all Ca and P is reabsorbed by the kidneys (e.g. Vipperman et al, 1974) and hence a value of 2.0 mg Ca/kg BW as endogenous urinary loss was adopted by Létourneau-Montminy et al (2015). In The overall retention of absorbed Ca close to maximum Ca retention was 80-90%.…”

Bridging Gaps in the Agricultural Phosphorus Cycle from an Animal Husbandry Perspective—The Case of Pigs and Poultry

“…Hence, a more comprehensive understanding of P influxes and effluxes is required to derive physiological and (epi)genetic P efficiency potentials. In addition, systems biology analyses complement a holistic view of relevant metabolic pathways, which can be validated with mathematical and statistical approaches [53].…”

Use of dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry in non-ruminant nutrition research

“…Total body protein (g) = −1384 + 0.216 × DXA lean (g) Total body fat (g) = 2825 + 1.009 × DXA fat (g) Body phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) can be estimated as the sum of the P and Ca present in the bones, lean, and fat tissues of the body based on the DXA body measurements, assuming that P and Ca in bone accounts for 18% and 36% of BMC, respectively, that body proteins are associated with lean tissue containing 1.04% P and 0.042% Ca, and that body lipids are associated with fat tissue containing 0.05% P and 0.005% Ca (Nielsen, 1973;Letourneau-Montminy et al, 2015). Some assumptions used by DXA in relation to bones should also be emphasized, since the technology is not designed to evaluate internal bone composition.…”