Modeling weight-loss maintenance to help prevent body weight regain

Hall, Kevin D.; Jordan, Peter

doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26333

Cited by 89 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Physiologists and physicists have developed mathematical models that accurately predict the effect of a discrete change in energy intake on body weight. 2,5,6 These equations suggest that a young adult woman must increase energy intake by 370 kcal per day to increase BMI from 23 to 29. 2 That increase probably occurs gradually.…”

Section: How Much Are Americans Overeating?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2,5,6 These equations suggest that a young adult woman must increase energy intake by 370 kcal per day to increase BMI from 23 to 29. 2 That increase probably occurs gradually. For example, adding 30 mL (1 oz) of sugar-sweetened beverage and walking 1 minute less per day creates a temporary energy surplus of about 13 kcal/d, leading to a weight gain of 0.6 kg (1.4 lb).…”

Section: How Much Are Americans Overeating?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After a few years of daily cookie eating, weight gain will level off at approximately 2.7 kg (6 lb). 2 Thus, a one-time step-up in caloric intake will cause body weight to increase asymptotically to a new, stable level.…”

Section: Weight Change Is Self-limitingmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Extra Calories Cause Weight Gain—But How Much?

Katan¹

2010

JAMA

100

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Section: How Much Are Americans Overeating?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: How Much Are Americans Overeating?mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Extra Calories Cause Weight Gain—But How Much?

Katan¹

2010

JAMA

100

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“…[6][7][8][9][10][11] Furthermore, the energy density of weight loss is not uniform, and initial body fat, the magnitude of weight loss and use of resistance exercise or high-protein diets may influence the applicability of the Wishnofsky constant. 12 As it is the largest component of total daily energy expenditure, researchers have long been interested in changes to resting metabolic rate (RMR) that accompany energy restriction, and the extent to which variance in RMR may differentiate levels of success in weight-loss interventions. Although there is considerable debate as to whether the change in RMR with weight loss is prognostic of successful long-term weight maintenance, [13][14][15][16] it is well accepted that RMR decreases substantially during energy restriction even before significant weight loss has occurred.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does metabolic compensation explain the majority of less-than-expected weight loss in obese adults during a short-term severe diet and exercise intervention?

et al. 2012

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OBJECTIVE:We investigated to what extent changes in metabolic rate and composition of weight loss explained the lessthan-expected weight loss in obese men and women during a diet-plus-exercise intervention. DESIGN: In all, 16 obese men and women (41 ± 9 years; body mass index (BMI) 39 ± 6 kg m À 2 ) were investigated in energy balance before, after and twice during a 12-week very-low-energy diet(565-650 kcal per day) plus exercise (aerobic plus resistance training) intervention. The relative energy deficit (EDef) from baseline requirements was severe (74%-87%). Body composition was measured by deuterium dilution and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured by indirect calorimetry. Fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were converted into energy equivalents using constants 9.45 kcal per g FM and 1.13 kcal per g FFM. Predicted weight loss was calculated from the EDef using the 0 7700 kcal kg À 1 rule 0 . RESULTS: Changes in weight ( À 18.6 ± 5.0 kg), FM ( À 15.5 ± 4.3 kg) and FFM ( À 3.1 ± 1.9 kg) did not differ between genders. Measured weight loss was on average 67% of the predicted value, but ranged from 39% to 94%. Relative EDef was correlated with the decrease in RMR (R ¼ 0.70, Po0.01), and the decrease in RMR correlated with the difference between actual and expected weight loss (R ¼ 0.51, Po0.01). Changes in metabolic rate explained on average 67% of the less-than-expected weight loss, and variability in the proportion of weight lost as FM accounted for a further 5%. On average, after adjustment for changes in metabolic rate and body composition of weight lost, actual weight loss reached 90% of the predicted values. CONCLUSION: Although weight loss was 33% lower than predicted at baseline from standard energy equivalents, the majority of this differential was explained by physiological variables. Although lower-than-expected weight loss is often attributed to incomplete adherence to prescribed interventions, the influence of baseline calculation errors and metabolic downregulation should not be discounted.

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“…Furthermore, the 3500 kcal per pound rule does not take into account changes in body composition. The conversion of body fat and fat free tissue has very different energy values; the energy value of 1 kg of fat mass is 39.5 MJ and 7.6 MJ per kg of fat free mass [2]. Therefore to lose the same mass of fat as lean tissue would require a five times greater deficit in net energy.…”

Section: Exercise As a Weight Loss Toolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Activity, Energy Intake, and Obesity: The Links Between Exercise and Appetite

et al. 2013

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Overweight and obesity are often theorized using the energy balance equation. When energy intake (EI) is greater than energy expended this creates a positive energy balance and leads to weight gain, conversely when energy expenditure (EE) exceeds EI this creates a negative energy balance and weight loss. Physiologists have been examining the relationship between EE and EI since the 1950s. Total daily EE is comprised of two main components; resting metabolic rate (RMR) and physical activity (PA). This review will examine and report the relationships between both major components of EE and EI, and therefore the impact of PA on body weight. The relationship between energy expended through PA and EI appears to be weak, especially within one day and over longer periods in overweight and obese adults. However, recent data have demonstrated a strong relationship between RMR, hunger and food intake. The differences observed in the relationships between PA EE and EI and metabolic EE and EI are not surprising. EE from PA is highly variable and episodic whereas EE from RMR is very stable and tonic. These new data provide evidence for a fundamental link between EE and EI.

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Modeling weight-loss maintenance to help prevent body weight regain

Abstract: Our model provides realistic calculations of body-weight change and of the dietary modifications required for weight-loss maintenance. Because the model was implemented by using standard spreadsheet software, it can be widely used by physicians and weight-management professionals.

Cited by 89 publications

References 54 publications

Extra Calories Cause Weight Gain—But How Much?

Extra Calories Cause Weight Gain—But How Much?

Does metabolic compensation explain the majority of less-than-expected weight loss in obese adults during a short-term severe diet and exercise intervention?

Physical Activity, Energy Intake, and Obesity: The Links Between Exercise and Appetite

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