Modelling 2018 Anak Krakatoa Flank Collapse and Tsunami: Effect of Landslide Failure Mechanism and Dynamics on Tsunami Generation

Zengaffinen, Thomas; Løvholt, Finn; Pedersen, Geir; Muhari, Abdul

doi:10.1007/s00024-020-02489-x

Cited by 42 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Heidarzadeh et al (2020a) analyzed tide gauge records of the AKT and proposed a source model for this unique tsunami by applying numerical simulations; the source model proposed by Heidarzadeh et al (2020a) consists of an initial pure-elevation wave with height of 100-150 m and length of 1.5-2.0 km. The numerical modeling of the event by Paris et al (2020) and Zengaffinen et al (2020) further reconfirmed the source model initially proposed by Heidarzadeh et al (2020a). The volume of the sliding mass during the AKT was estimated at 0.2-0.3 km 3 by Ren et al (2020) whereas Heidarzadeh et al (2020a) reported it in the range of 0.175-0.326 km 3 .…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 65%

Field Survey of Tsunami Heights and Runups Following the 22 December 2018 Anak Krakatau Volcano Tsunami, Indonesia

Heidarzadeh

Putra

Nugroho

et al. 2020

Pure Appl. Geophys.

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The 22 December 2018 Anak Karakatau tsunami in Indonesia was a rare event in that few instrumental records existed of tsunamis generated by volcanic sources before this event. The tsunami, which left a death toll of 437, is of global importance as it provides opportunities to develop knowledge on generation, propagation and coastal effects of volcanic tsunamis. Here, we report results of field surveys along the coast of the Sunda Strait, Indonesia to study tsunami wave heights and coastal damage. We surveyed 29 locations and measured ranges of tsunami runup from 0.9 to 5.2 m, tsunami heights from 1.4 to 6.3 m, flow depths from 0.2 m to 3.0 m and inundation distances from 18 to 212 m. The largest tsunami heights and concentration of damage and fatalities occurred on the western shore of Java from Tanjung Lesung to Sumur. The largest cluster of fatalities occurred at Tanjung Lesung, where more than 50 people died while attending an outdoor music being held at the shoreline. The tsunami runup and tsunami height in Tanjung Lesung were 4.0 and 2.9–3.8 m, respectively. We believe this tragedy could have been avoided if the event organizers were more aware of the hazard posed by the Anak Krakatau volcano, as it had been actively erupting for several months prior to the tsunami, and simply moved the concert stage 100 m inland. Many of the locations surveyed demonstrated a similar pattern where the majority of casualties and destruction occurred within 100 m of the coast; in several locations, lives were saved where buildings were located at least this distance inland. The significant damage and numerous deaths which occurred in Sumur, despite the moderate tsunami height of 2.3–2.5 m, can be attributed to the extremely low-lying coastal land there. Flow depth in Sumur was 0.9–2.0 m. During our field surveys, nearly one year after the event, we noted that some of the damaged buildings were being rebuilt in the same locations just 10–30 m from the shoreline. We question this practice since the new buildings could be at the same tsunami risk as those damaged in the 2018 event.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 65%

Field Survey of Tsunami Heights and Runups Following the 22 December 2018 Anak Krakatau Volcano Tsunami, Indonesia

Heidarzadeh

Putra

Nugroho

et al. 2020

Pure Appl. Geophys.

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“…The second failure mechanism proposed is that the flank collapse was one event, with a larger volume than proposed by Williams et al (2019) (Grilli et al, 2019;Zengaffinen et al, 2020). The failure mechanism in this instance may have resulted from the steep gradient of the southwest Anak Krakatau slope, and the growth of significant lava flows in this region.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…Paris et al (2020), presents a preliminary model of the volcanic collapse based on coupled granular rheology and coulomb friction. In addition, Zengaffinen et al (2020), modeled the Anak Krakatau flank collapse using a depthaveraged visco-plastic with BingClaw landslide model. From this, the authors were able to reproduce the tsunami elevation amplitudes recorded in the field surveys.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the 2018 Anak Krakatau activity, a tsunami with run ups up to 13 m struck the coastal areas of Banten and Lampung (Figure 1) (Muhari et al, 2019;Putra et al, 2020). Tsunami modeling suggests a landslide from the SW volcanic flank can generate a far field tsunami with focused directions of run up (Grilli et al, 2019;Zengaffinen et al, 2020). This focusing results from the influence of the Krakatau islands.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bathymetry and Shallow Seismic Imaging of the 2018 Flank Collapse of Anak Krakatau

et al. 2021

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The flank failure and collapse of Anak Krakatau on December 22nd, 2018 triggered a destructive tsunami. Whether the prior activity of the volcano led to this collapse, or it was triggered by another means, remains a challenge to understand. This study seeks to investigate the recent volcano submarine mass-landslide deposit and emplacement processes, including the seafloor morphology of the flank collapse and the landslide deposit extent. Bathymetry and sparker seismic data were used during this study. Bathymetry data collected in August, 2019 shows the run-out area and the seafloor landslide deposit morphology. Bathymetry data acquired in May, 2017, is used as the base limit of the collapse to estimate the volume of the flank collapse. Comparisons between seismic data acquired in 2017 and 2019 provide an insight into the landslide emplacement processes, the deposit sequence, and structure below the seafloor. From these results we highlight two areas of the submarine-mass landslide deposit, one proximal to Anak Krakatau island (∼1.6 km) and one distal (∼1.4 km). The resulting analysis suggests that the submarine-mass landslide deposit might be produced by a frontally compressional, faulted, landslide, triggered by the critical stability slope, and due to the recent volcanic activity. Blocky seabed features clearly lie to the southwest of Anak Krakatau, and may represent the collapse blocks of the landslide. The seismic analysis of the data acquired in August, 2019 reveals that the blocky facies extends to ∼1.62 km in the width around Anak Krakatau, and the block thicknesses vary up to 70.4 m. The marine data provides a new insight into the landslide run out and extent, together with the landslide deposit morphology and structure that are not available from satellite imagery or subaerial surveys. We conclude that the landslide run out area southwest of the recent collapse, is ∼7.02 ± 0.21 km2.

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“…Despite the majority of large tsunamis are produced by underwater earthquakes 4 , the latest tsunami event in Indonesia revealed the importance of studying other tsunami sources (such as subaerial, submarine landslide and earthquake-induced landslide). For instance, the flank collapse of Anak Krakatoa on 22 December 2018 generated tsunami and affected certain areas around Java and southern Sumatra, killed 437 people 5 . Field survey reported that this tsunami produced wave run-up more than 85 m at the northern coast of Rakata and 83 m at the southern coast of Sertung 6 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling of Potential Tsunami in Makassar Strait, Indonesia: Submarine Landslide-Induced Tsunami Simulations

Gumbira

Wibowo

Khoirunnisa

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Tsunami modelling of potential landslide-induced tsunami in Makassar Strait is carried out to quantify possible damage to the nearby cities. Two numerical models are used to represent the wave generation and propagation by using NHWAVE and FUNWAVE models, respectively. The simulations consist of a series of scenarios based on distinct size of the landslide volume. Four landslides with volume 5, 8, 70, and 200 km 3 are used as tsunami sources in the initiation stage. The sources are evenly distributed in the Strait addressing different landslide location. Maximum wave heights of 1.5 m are found in the area between Palu and Bangkir from case 1 and around Talok from case 2 simulations. The empirical run-up calculation of 7.5 m is estimated at the land for the presented wave height. The value significantly elevates the case 3 and 4 proportional to the volume values. The waves impact more than half of coastline with maximum value found in the Sulawesi side. Interestingly, wide and narrow shelf next to Kalimantan Island plays an important role in reducing the tsunami hazard level.

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Modelling 2018 Anak Krakatoa Flank Collapse and Tsunami: Effect of Landslide Failure Mechanism and Dynamics on Tsunami Generation

Cited by 42 publications

References 57 publications

Field Survey of Tsunami Heights and Runups Following the 22 December 2018 Anak Krakatau Volcano Tsunami, Indonesia

Field Survey of Tsunami Heights and Runups Following the 22 December 2018 Anak Krakatau Volcano Tsunami, Indonesia

Bathymetry and Shallow Seismic Imaging of the 2018 Flank Collapse of Anak Krakatau

Modelling of Potential Tsunami in Makassar Strait, Indonesia: Submarine Landslide-Induced Tsunami Simulations

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