Modelling and optimization of a flexible hydrogen-fueled pressurized PEMFC power plant for grid balancing purposes

Crespi, Elena; Guandalini, Giulio; Gößling, Sönke; Campanari, Stefano

doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.01.085

Cited by 18 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Regarding the electrochemical model, FC voltage and gross electrical power are calculated with semi-empirical current-voltage curves, combining cell theoretical polarization curve equations and experimental datasets, as detailed in [32]. The resulting formulation is shown in Equation (6), where the first term represents an apparent open circuit voltage, the second term the ohmic losses, and the third and the last terms the activation and the concentration overvoltage, respectively.…”

Section: Pem Fc Stackmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It catches the real cells performance with a good approximation, mainly for the range of current density where the cell will generally operate (relative errors <1% for relevant currents values: 200-1000 mA/cm 2 ). A detailed description of the terms appearing in Equation ( 6) is presented in [32], together with the coefficients calibration procedure. (6) In order to simulate cold start-up, semi-empirical corrections have been considered to model the effects of the cell temperature on ohmic losses and activation losses.…”

Section: Pem Fc Stackmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The orifice model reported for subcrit-ical flow is adopted, since the ratio between valve inlet pressure (max 1.6 bar) and outlet pressure (ambient pressure) is always above the critical pressure ratio. According to Equation (32), the flowrate of air through the valve is computed knowing the upstream pressure and temperature, the pressure ratio across the valve, and the valve effective area (A e ). To scale-up the model, the valve effective area is varied proportionally to the nominal air flowrate.…”

Section: Backpressure Valvementioning

confidence: 99%

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Dynamic Modeling of a PEM Fuel Cell Power Plant for Flexibility Optimization and Grid Support

et al. 2022

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The transition toward high shares of non-programmable renewable energy sources in the power grid requires an increase in the grid flexibility to guarantee grid reliability and stability. This work, developed within the EU project Grasshopper, identifies hydrogen Fuel Cell (FC) power plants, based on low temperature PEM cells, as a source of flexibility for the power grid. A dynamic numerical model of the flexible FC system is developed and tested against experimental data from a 100-kW pilot plant, built within the Grasshopper project. The model is then applied to assess the flexible performance of a 1 MW system in order to optimize the scale-up of the pilot plant to the MW-size. Simulations of load-following operation show the flexibility of the plant, which can ramp up and down with a ramp rate depending only on an externally imposed limit. Warm-up simulations allow proposing solutions to limit the warm-up time. Of main importance are the minimization of the water inventory in the system and the construction of a compact system, which minimizes the distance between the components.

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Section: Pem Fc Stackmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pem Fc Stackmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Backpressure Valvementioning

confidence: 99%

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Dynamic Modeling of a PEM Fuel Cell Power Plant for Flexibility Optimization and Grid Support

et al. 2022

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“…Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) are one major fuel cell type that can operate under low temperatures ranging from −40 to 120 °C [2] . This energy generating device has been widely used in power generation such as power plant, [3,4] automotive applications [5–7] , mobile phones, laptop computers, houses, and public construction as a mobile and stationary energy source [8] . PEMFC primarily use high‐purity hydrogen gas as fuel that can be produced from renewable resources such as water electrolysis from solar and wind power, potentially free of CO 2 emissions so it is environmentally compatible power sources [1] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes from Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether Ketones) with Partial Substitution of Carboxylate Acid Group

Aziz

Ndruru²,

Bundjali

et al. 2022

ChemistrySelect

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Chemical modification of Sulfonated poly(arylene ether ketone) with carboxylate acid side chain (C-SPAEK) membranes has been conducted through partially substitution of the 4,4-bis(4hydroxyphenyl)-valeric acid (DPA) with 4,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propane (BPA) at varies different compositions of sulfonate. FTIR and EDS analysis of the synthesized SPAEK revealed the presence of carboxylic acid, methyl, sulfonate groups and aromatic ether bonds in the SPAEK membrane. The effect of different compositions of carboxylic acid and sulfonate groups on mechanical strength, thermal stability, oxidative stability, water absorption, swelling ratio and proton conductivity of the membranes was studied. The SPAEK-50/50 membrane exhibits superior properties with high mechanical strength, high thermal and oxidative stability, good water absorption, low swelling ratio, high dimensional stability and has a proton conductivity at 80 °C of 0.102 S/cm close to the Nafion-117 membrane of 0.120 S/cm. This finding confirms that the partial substitution of the hydrophilic monomer of DPA with 50 % mole of BPA with a sulfonate group composition of 50 % resulted in an excellent SPAEK membrane.

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“…The main mechanism that removes excess water emerging from the GDL is the airflow through the GC. This is extremely important especially when considering various stack configurations as well as operating conditions such as supercharging [1] for increased specific power output and efficiency. Over the years, many papers focused on the best design solution and/or operative condition to increase water removal rates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CFD simulation of water droplet adhesion on the GDL of a low temperature PEM FC in air cross-flow conditions

Antetomaso¹,

Irimescu²,

Merola³

et al. 2022

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Water management is a critical challenge in low temperature (LT) Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEM FC); condensed liquid appears mainly at the cathode side, where water from the reduction reaction is generated. Differences in concentration may result in the transfer of water to the anode side across the membrane electrode assembly (MEA). Excessive liquid can negatively affect fuel cell performance, causing low efficiency and instability. This occurs due to water movement through porous layers and channels that are the essential pathways for the reactant gas to reach the MEA. However, water is necessary in the PEM FC for enhancing ion conductivity of the membrane. The present study can contribute to the optimization of LT PEM FCs by analysing the water behaviour under flow conditions. The widely used Volume Of Fluid (VOF) method is adopted for simulating multiphase flow. CFD simulation of droplet adhesion on the gas diffusion layer (GDL) is performed to describe the interaction between water and gas flow. Deformation and oscillations of droplets with diameters in the 0.3-1.0 mm range are investigated by considering airflow rates up to 15.0 m/s. CFD analysis is validated by optical data from digital imaging with high spatial (up to 5.8 μm/pixel) and temporal (up to 1.0 ms) resolution.

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Modelling and optimization of a flexible hydrogen-fueled pressurized PEMFC power plant for grid balancing purposes

Cited by 18 publications

References 26 publications

Dynamic Modeling of a PEM Fuel Cell Power Plant for Flexibility Optimization and Grid Support

Dynamic Modeling of a PEM Fuel Cell Power Plant for Flexibility Optimization and Grid Support

Synthesis of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes from Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether Ketones) with Partial Substitution of Carboxylate Acid Group

CFD simulation of water droplet adhesion on the GDL of a low temperature PEM FC in air cross-flow conditions

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