Modelling Behaviour of a Carbon Epoxy Composite Exposed to Fire: Part I—Characterisation of Thermophysical Properties

Tranchard, Pauline; Samyn, Fabienne; Duquesne, Sophie; Estèbe, Bruno; Bourbigot, Serge

doi:10.3390/ma10050494

Cited by 40 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(39 reference statements)

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“…The determination of the kinetic decomposition model was performed in a previous work [ 11 ] and presented in the first-part of this paper [ 24 ]. It is a two-step decomposition model including an autocatalytic reaction being competitive with an nth order reaction [ 24 ]. The material starts to degrade from a virgin state to a (degraded) final state (composed of carbonaceous residue and carbon fibre).…”

Section: Choice Of the 3d Model Usedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The determination of the physical and thermal properties of materials seems to be the key to obtain a suitable physical model. In the frame, the development of methods to determine thermophysical parameters of the T700/M21 composite was reported in the first-part of the paper [ 24 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, the behaviour of the T700/M21 composite was investigated when exposed to fire [ 1 ]. Then, all input data for the model were measured and fully explained [ 24 ]. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to compare the experimental data from a fire test (i.e., the temperature profile and mass loss) to their respective numerical simulations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modelling Behaviour of a Carbon Epoxy Composite Exposed to Fire: Part II—Comparison with Experimental Results

et al. 2017

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Based on a phenomenological methodology, a three dimensional (3D) thermochemical model was developed to predict the temperature profile, the mass loss and the decomposition front of a carbon-reinforced epoxy composite laminate (T700/M21 composite) exposed to fire conditions. This 3D model takes into account the energy accumulation by the solid material, the anisotropic heat conduction, the thermal decomposition of the material, the gas mass flow into the composite, and the internal pressure. Thermophysical properties defined as temperature dependant properties were characterised using existing as well as innovative methodologies in order to use them as inputs into our physical model. The 3D thermochemical model accurately predicts the measured mass loss and observed decomposition front when the carbon fibre/epoxy composite is directly impacted by a propane flame. In short, the model shows its capability to predict the fire behaviour of a carbon fibre reinforced composite for fire safety engineering.

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Section: Choice Of the 3d Model Usedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modelling Behaviour of a Carbon Epoxy Composite Exposed to Fire: Part II—Comparison with Experimental Results

et al. 2017

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“…Luo et al [33][34][35][36] established a thermomechanical damage model and developed a finite element method using UMATHT and UMAT in ABAQUS, so as to resolve the thermal and mechanic equations for glass/phenolic compound materials withstanding high temperature and thermal radiative surroundings in consideration of the carbonization of sandwich composites, the decomposition of resins, the reduction of elastic modulus, and the delamination of panels and cores. Pauline et al [37][38][39] developed a 3D thermochemical model using SAMCEF software to forecast the temperature contour, the mass loss and the pyrolysis front of a carbon fiber epoxy resin compound laminate (T700/M21 compound material) exposed to high temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of Thermal Behavior of Glass Fiber/Phenolic Composites Exposed to Heat Flux on One Side

Wang

Han

et al. 2020

Materials

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A 3D thermal response model is developed to evaluate the thermal behavior of glass fiber/phenolic composite exposed to heat flux on one side. The model is built upon heat transfer and energy conservation equations in which the heat transfer is in the form of anisotropic heat conduction, absorption by matrix decomposition, and diffusion of gas. Arrhenius equation is used to characterize the pyrolysis reaction of the materials. The diffusion equation for the decomposition gas is included for mass conservation. The temperature, density, decomposition degree, and rate are extracted to analyze the process of material decomposition, which is implemented by using the UMATHT (User subroutine to define a material’s thermal behavior) and USDFLD (User subroutine to redefine field variables) subroutines via ABAQUS code. By comparing the analysis results with experimental data, it is found that the model is valid to simulate the evolution of a glass fiber/phenolic composite exposed to heat flux from one side. The comparison also shows that longer time is taken to complete the pyrolysis reaction with increasing depth for materials from the numerical simulation, and the char region and the pyrolysis reaction region enlarge further with increasing time. Furthermore, the decomposition degree and temperature are correlated with depths, as well as the peak value of decomposition rate and the time to reach the peak value.

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“…Depending on the number of decomposition steps and the scope of the study, single-step or multiple-step kinetic models were used [8][9][10][11]. In the most part, the objectives of using degradation steps were to obtain the best fit between experimental and numerical weight loss curves [12]. e determination of kinetics parameters was centered on developing the least-squares fitting procedure based on DTGA curve measurement at different heating rates [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Degradation and Water Uptake of Biodegradable Resin Prepared from Millet Flour and Wheat Gluten Crosslinked with Epoxydized Vegetable Oils

Mohamed

Hussain

Alamri

et al. 2019

Journal of Chemistry

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The degradation temperatures (DTs), heat stability (IPDT), degradation kinetics, and water uptake of epoxy resin were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis. Epoxy resins were prepared by crosslinking epoxydized oils with vital wheat gluten (VG) and millet flour. The reactions included three oils (cottonseed, sesame, and sunflower) and three levels of zinc chloride (ZC) (1, 2, and 3%). The apparent activation energy (Ea) was calculated using the Flynn–Wall–Ozawa method. The DT increased at higher heating rates within the same ZC level of the same oil type. Cottonseed oil exhibited the highest DT. The highest IPDT was 637°C of the sunflower oil/millet resin (3% ZC), and the least was the cottonseed/millet (1% ZC) at 479°C. The sesame-millet resin exhibited the highest Ea (622 KJ/mol) followed by sunflower-gluten (496 KJ/mol) and sesame-gluten (454 KJ/mol). The profiles of all resins point to a multistep degradation, but some of the profiles display two dominant kinetic processes, and the remaining resins showed three processes. The variation in crosslinking density between the oils is attributable to the different amounts of oxirane rings which are associated with the double bonds of the fatty acid of the oils. Like other parameters, the water uptake was affected by the ZC content, where most of the resins did not reach water uptake equilibrium. Nonetheless, the 3% ZC resin reached equilibrium after 5 days of immersion.

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Modelling Behaviour of a Carbon Epoxy Composite Exposed to Fire: Part I—Characterisation of Thermophysical Properties

Cited by 40 publications

References 30 publications

Modelling Behaviour of a Carbon Epoxy Composite Exposed to Fire: Part II—Comparison with Experimental Results

Modelling Behaviour of a Carbon Epoxy Composite Exposed to Fire: Part II—Comparison with Experimental Results

Simulation of Thermal Behavior of Glass Fiber/Phenolic Composites Exposed to Heat Flux on One Side

Thermal Degradation and Water Uptake of Biodegradable Resin Prepared from Millet Flour and Wheat Gluten Crosslinked with Epoxydized Vegetable Oils

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