Modelling of 4D Seismic Data for the Monitoring of Steam Chamber Growth During the SAGD Process

Abstract

Summary This paper presents an integrated workflow for the interpretation of 4D seismic data to monitor steam chamber growth during the steam-assisted gravity drainage recovery process (SAGD). Superimposed on reservoir heterogeneities of geological origin, many factors interact during thermal production of heavy oil and bitumen reservoirs, which complicate the interpretation of 4D seismic data: changes in oil viscosity, fluid saturations, pore pressure, and so on. The workflow is based on the generation of a geological model inspired by a real field case of the McMurray formation in the Athabasca region. The approach consists of three steps: the construction of an initial static model, the simulation of thermal production of heavy oil with two coupled fluid-flow and geomechanical models and the production of synthetic seismic maps at different stages of steam injection. The distribution of geological facies is simulated on a fine grid using a geostatistical approach, which honours all available well data. The reservoir's geomechanical and elastic properties are characterized by logs and literature at an initial stage before the start of production. Production scenarios are run to obtain pore pressure, temperature, steam and oil saturations on a detailed reservoir grid around a well pair at several stages of production. Direct coupling with a geomechanical model produces volumetric strain and mean effective stress maps as additional properties. These physical parameters are used to compute new seismic velocities and density for each stage of production according to Hertz and Gassmann formulas. Reflectivity is then computed, and a new synthetic seismic image of the reservoir is generated for each stage of production. The impacts of heterogeneities, production conditions and reservoir properties are evaluated for several simulation scenarios from the beginning of steam injection to 3 years of production. Results show that short-term seismic monitoring can help in anticipating early changes in steam injection strategy. In return, long-term periods allow the behaviour of the steam chamber to be monitored laterally and in the upper part of the reservoir. This study demonstrates the added value of 4D seismic data in the context of steam-assisted heavy oil production.

Characterizing the Effects of Lean Zones and Shale Distribution in Steam-Assisted-Gravity-Drainage Recovery Performance

“…Those difficulties with experimental analysis can be partially overcome with numerical simulation, which was widely used to monitor the advancement of steam chambers (Lerat et al 2010;Leskiw and Gates 2012) and to optimize operational strategies (Zhao et al 2007;Mohebati et al 2010;Nguyen et al 2012). Law et al (2003) investigated field-scale SAGD performance in the presence of confined and unconfined top water.…”

Evolution of Seismic Velocities in Heavy Oil Sand Reservoirs during Thermal Recovery Process

“…[4] The coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical modelling of SAGD has been conducted at IFPEN (Lerat et al, 2010;Zandi, 2011), showing how the different fields (stress, pressure, temperature and steam) develop with respect to time. The result presented in this section has been obtained through a coupled simulation made by using the geometry and the parameters already presented by Zandi (2011).…”

Monitoring of SAGD Process: Seismic Interpretation of Ray+Born Synthetic 4D Data

“…The simulation of thermal production of heavy oil in the reservoir is fully described in [7]. The approach is based on a fluid-flow model explicitly coupled with a geomechanical one.…”

“…For this study, a model representative of an Athabasca heavy oil unconsolidated sands reservoir was constructed [7]. First, the initial static model was constructed with a geostatistical approach, considering five lithofacies for the reservoir (three sandstones from coarse to fine-grained, and two shaly facies) and three lithofacies (from sands to shales) for the overburden up to the surface.…”