Modelling the Distribution of the Red and Grey Squirrel at the Landscape Scale: A Combined GIS and Population Dynamics Approach

Rushton, Stephen; Lurz, Peter W. W.; Fuller, R. M.; Garson, Peter J.

doi:10.2307/2405227

Cited by 81 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Using the spatial coordinates, researchers can correctly account for the non-independence in spatial data. Spatial statistics have been used widely in the field of animal behavior and ecology (e.g., Boyce and McDonald 1999;Brown et al 2009;Rushton et al 1997;Wilkin et al 2006). It is possible, however, that the assumption that neighboring regions are similar to each other and that distance is therefore a good proxy for similarity is not always upheld.…”

Section: Non-independence Of Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Can Cross-Cultural Correlations Teach Us about Human Nature?

Pollet

Tybur

Frankenhuis

et al. 2014

Hum Nat

143

111

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Many recent evolutionary psychology and human behavioral ecology studies have tested hypotheses by examining correlations between variables measured at a group level (e.g., state, country, continent). In such analyses, variables collected for each aggregation are often taken to be representative of the individuals present within them, and relationships between such variables are presumed to reflect individual-level processes. There are multiple reasons to exercise caution when doing so, including: (1) the ecological fallacy, whereby relationships observed at the aggregate level do not accurately represent individual-level processes; (2) non-independence of data points, which violates assumptions of the inferential techniques used in null hypothesis testing; and (3) cross-cultural non-equivalence of measurement (differences in construct validity between groups). We provide examples of how each of these gives rise to problems in the context of testing evolutionary hypotheses about human behavior, and we offer some suggestions for future research.Keywords Ecological fallacy . Cross-cultural research . Research methods . Simpson's paradox . Non-independence . Measurement equivalence Many hypothesis-testing techniques used by evolutionary behavioral scientists involve examining degrees of covariation between two or more variables and making inferences based on such relationships (e.g., analysis of variance, Pearson correlation). This approach may be applied to a number of different research designs that examine variation at different, hierarchically organized levels (e.g., individuals versus groups;

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Section: Non-independence Of Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Can Cross-Cultural Correlations Teach Us about Human Nature?

Pollet

Tybur

Frankenhuis

et al. 2014

Hum Nat

143

111

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“…However, the process by which this replacement occurred, and is still ongoing, is not yet fully understood (Reynolds 1985;Gurnell & Pepper 1993;Kenward & Holm 1993;Rushton et al 1997;Kenward et al 1998;Wauters & Gurnell 1999;Wauters et al 2000). One recent hypothesis is that a parapoxvirus, possibly introduced into the UK with the grey squirrel, is a significant component of the replacement mechanism (Sainsbury et al 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Detailed studies demonstrate, however, that such interactions alone cannot account for the rate and pattern of decline observed (Reynolds 1985;Rushton et al 1997). Three lines of evidence suggest that parapoxvirus may also be involved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parapoxvirus causes a deleterious disease in red squirrels associated with UK population declines

Tompkins

Sainsbury

Nettleton

et al. 2002

Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B

161

183

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The disease implications of novel pathogens need to be considered when investigating the ecological impact of species translocations on native fauna. Traditional explanations based on competition or predation may often not be the whole story. Evidence suggests that an emerging infectious disease, caused by a parapoxvirus, may be a significant component of the impact that the introduced grey squirrel has had on UK red squirrel populations. Here we validate the potential role of parapoxvirus by proving that the virus is highly pathogenic in the red squirrel while having no detectable effect on grey squirrel health.

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“…Additionally, the ecology of 73 the grey squirrel in native and introduced areas, and the European red squirrel (S. vulgaris), the native squirrel 74 most often affected by the invader, are well known. Competition between red and grey squirrels was modeled 75 spatially for the first time using a bespoke SEPM (Rushton et al 1997). This research was built upon by studies …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%