Modelling the impact of sodium intake on cardiovascular disease mortality in Mexico

Vargas-Meza, Jorge; Nilson, Eduardo Augusto Fernandes; Nieto, Claudia; Denova‐Gutiérrez, Edgar; Valero-Morales, Isabel; Barquera, Sı́món; Campos-Nonato, Ismael

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2298324/v1

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…is not yet clear, it has been recognized that hypertension is closely related to lifestyle and dietary habits (44). Accumulating evidence supports hypertension patients who consume too much salt will cause hypertension, which is also one of the risk factors of hypertension (45). Among people with high salt diet habits, the incidence rate of hypertension is high.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Capsaicin pretreatment attenuates salt-sensitive hypertension by alleviating AMPK/Akt/Nrf2 pathway in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus

Jia,

Yang,

Jia

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Long term hypertension seriously affects target organ damage such as the brain, heart, and kidneys, and has become an increasingly serious public health problem worldwide. Capsaicin has been proven to improve blood pressure. However, whether capsaicin can reduce salt induced hypertension and the mechanism has yet to be elucidated. This study aimed to identify the AMPK/Akt/iNOS pathway in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) mediates capsaicin in improving the process of high salt induced hypertension. Dahl salt-sensitive (Dahl S) rats were uesed as the animal model for the present study. All rats were randomly divided into four groups based on their dietary regimen (0.3% salt diet and 8% salt diet) and treatment methods. Chronic administration capsaicin to the PVN during the process of blood pressure rise in rats. The entire process lasted for 6 weeks. Our results demonstrated that PVN pretreatment with capsaicin can slow down the blood pressure elevation and heart rate (HR) of Dahl S hypertensive rats. Interestingly, The cardiac hypertrophy was significantly improved. Furthermore, PVN pretreatment with capsaicin induced decrease in mRNA expression of NOX2, Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), NOX4 and proinfammatory cytokines and increase in positive cell level of Nrf2, p-IKKβ, iNOS and HO-1 in the PVN of Dahl S hypertensive rats. Additionally, the protein expressions of phosphorylated adenosine Monophosphate-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (p-PI3K) and phosphorylated protein kinase-B (p-AKT) were attenuated after PVN pretreatment with capsaicin. Capsaicin pretreatment attenuates salt-sensitive hypertension by alleviating AMPK/Akt/iNOS pathway in the PVN.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Capsaicin pretreatment attenuates salt-sensitive hypertension by alleviating AMPK/Akt/Nrf2 pathway in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus

Jia,

Yang,

Jia

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…If this trend continues, the Na-K ratio could increase, and this would have an impact on increased cardiovascular risk (42). Simulation studies have estimated that reducing Na consumption in Mexico as recommended by the WHO could reduce around 27,700 deaths from cardiovascular diseases, mainly ischemic heart disease, hypertensive disease, and stroke (43).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sodium and potassium excretion and its association with cardiovascular disorders in Mexican adults

Campos Nonato,

Mendoza,

Vargas Meza

et al. 2024

Front. Nutr.

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Worldwide, as well as in Mexico, the leading cause of death is cardiovascular disease (CVD). Hypertension is the main risk factor for CVD; about 50% of the adult population suffers from this condition. High sodium (Na) intake combined with low potassium (K) intake can trigger cardiovascular disorders such as high blood pressure (BP). The aim of this study was to estimate the mean excretion of Na and K in Mexican adults using a spot urine sample, and its association with cardiovascular disorders. Information on 2,778 adults, 20–59 years of age, who participated in ENSANUT-2016 was analyzed. Na and K were estimated using Tanaka formulae. Biomarkers such as glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, and anthropometry were measured. Mean Na was 3,354 mg/day (95%CI: 3,278, 3,429), 1,440 mg/day of K (95%CI: 1,412, 1,469), and the Na-K ratio was 2.4. The excretion of Na was greater in adults with high BP (3,542 mg/day) compared to those with normal BP (3,296 mg/day). In adults with hypertension, excretion of K was 10% greater (1,534 mg/day) than in adults with normal BP (1,357 mg/day). In adults with moderate reduction of renal function, Na excretion was 22% less (2,772 mg/day) than in adults with normal kidney function (3,382 mg/day). The results of this study show that the cardiovascular health of Mexican adults is at risk, as they showed high Na excretion and low K excretion.

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“…To adjust for this issue, we have added to the salt consumption figure from the survey the salt intake coming from processed food calculated by Vargas et al (2023), based on an extensive food database along with the ENSANUT survey.…”

Section: Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic Gains of Transitioning Towards Reduced-Risk Products: Evidence from Mexico

Herrera

2024

Preprint

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Unhealthy behaviors such as poor diet and tobacco use contribute to disease burden and escalating healthcare costs. This paper evaluates potential savings from people adopting reduced risk behaviors in Mexico. Using the Preventable Risk Integrated Model, we compare actual consumption in 2016 (baseline) to optimal intake following WHO guidelines (counterfactual) for salt, fiber, fruit/vegetables, and fat to estimate reductions in coronary, cerebrovascular, cancer, diabetes and hypertensive diseases. We also model 50% of smokers switching to e-cigarettes/heated tobacco with 65–97% lower disease risk. Results indicate over 650,000 preventable cases annually, mostly from diet changes (fruits/vegetables, fat, salt). Healthcare cost savings reach $3.4 billion USD; $2.8 billion from nutrition and $0.3 billion from smoking substitution. Fruit/vegetable intake and reduced fat confer over $1 billion savings each. Salt and fiber also contribute significantly. Adding smoking transitions provides further savings. Shifting Mexicans towards healthier diets and alternative nicotine products could substantially lower disease burden and healthcare costs. These findings underscore the economic imperative of promoting reduced-risk behaviors through public health policies.

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Modelling the impact of sodium intake on cardiovascular disease mortality in Mexico

Cited by 4 publications

References 31 publications

Capsaicin pretreatment attenuates salt-sensitive hypertension by alleviating AMPK/Akt/Nrf2 pathway in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus

Capsaicin pretreatment attenuates salt-sensitive hypertension by alleviating AMPK/Akt/Nrf2 pathway in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus

Sodium and potassium excretion and its association with cardiovascular disorders in Mexican adults

Economic Gains of Transitioning Towards Reduced-Risk Products: Evidence from Mexico

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