Modelling three-way catalytic converters: An effort to predict the effect of precious metal loading

Konstantas, G; Stamatelos, A. M.

doi:10.1243/09544070jauto329

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 25 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Additionally, the attrition of the free floating TiO 2 @WLE spheres, leading to potential damage or leaching of the TiO 2 layer, was not investigated. The excellent chemical and thermal stability of metal alloys makes them ideal supports for applications in high-pressure and -temperature systems, such as stainless steel (FeCrAl) substrates used in car exhaust catalytic converters [141,142]. TiO 2 has been deposited on stainless steel previously by thermal atomic layer deposition [143], dip-coating [144], chemical vapour deposition [145], and plasma treatment [146].…”

Section: Solid-supported Semiconductors and Metal Nanoparticlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneous photocatalysis in flow chemical reactors

Thomson

Lee

Vilela

2020

Beilstein J. Org. Chem.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The synergy between photocatalysis and continuous flow chemical reactors has shifted the paradigms of photochemistry, opening new avenues of research with safer and scalable processes that can be readily implemented in academia and industry. Current state-of-the-art photocatalysts are homogeneous transition metal complexes that have favourable photophysical properties, wide electrochemical redox potentials, and photostability. However, these photocatalysts present serious drawbacks, such as toxicity, limited availability, and the overall cost of rare transition metal elements. This reduces their long-term viability, especially at an industrial scale. Heterogeneous photocatalysts (HPCats) are an attractive alternative, as the requirement for the separation and purification is largely removed, but typically at the cost of efficiency. Flow chemical reactors can, to a large extent, mitigate the loss in efficiency through reactor designs that enhance mass transport and irradiation. Herein, we review some important developments of heterogeneous photocatalytic materials and their application in flow reactors for sustainable organic synthesis. Further, the application of continuous flow heterogeneous photocatalysis in environmental remediation is briefly discussed to present some interesting reactor designs that could be implemented to enhance organic synthesis.

show abstract

Section: Solid-supported Semiconductors and Metal Nanoparticlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heterogeneous photocatalysis in flow chemical reactors

Thomson

Lee

Vilela

2020

Beilstein J. Org. Chem.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The development of the aforementioned control strategies needs reliable models to gain insight into the TWC behaviour. However, multi-dimensional, detailed, first-principle models 26–33 present excessive computational requirements for control purposes. Other first-principle models in the literature are one-dimensional evolutions of the previous ones, developed with the idea of reducing the computational demand.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling three-way catalytic converter oriented to engine cold-start conditions

Real

Hedinger

Plá

et al. 2019

International Journal of Engine Research

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This article introduces a physical model of a three-way catalytic converter oriented to engine cold-start conditions. Computational cost is an important factor, particularly when the modelling is oriented to the development of engine control strategies. That is why a one-dimensional one-channel real-time capable model is proposed. The present model accounts for two phases, gas and solid, respectively, considering not only the heat transfer by convection between both, but also the water vapour condensation and evaporation in the catalyst brick, which plays a key role during engine cold-start. Moreover, the model addresses the conductive heat flow, heat losses to the environment and exothermic reactions in the solid phase, as well as the convective heat flow in the gas phase. Regarding the chemical model, the oxidation of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide is considered by means of the Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism. Three layers make up the model structure from a kinetic point of view, bulk gas, washcoat pores and noble metal in the catalyst surface. The model takes fuel-to-air ratio, exhaust gas mass flow, temperature, pressure and gas composition as inputs, providing the thermal distribution as well as the species concentration along the converter.

show abstract

“…These models allow a deeper understanding of the phenomena related to the dynamic behaviour of the system, dealing with different complexity levels, from multi-dimensional models [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] to more common one-dimensional approaches. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Of course, all of them provide wide and accurate information regarding the converter state, but they cannot be used for real-time applications (RTA), which rule them out for control purposes. On the contrary, the integrator-type or black-box models [22][23][24][25][26][27][28] were the only feasible option for OSL estimation in RTA some years ago, when the computational capabilities of the common electronic control units (ECUs) were rather limited, but they are not accurate enough for today's requirements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control-oriented modelling of three-way catalytic converter for fuel-to-air ratio regulation in spark ignited engines

Guardiola

Climent

Plá

et al. 2019

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D:

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a grey-box model of three-way catalytic converter, which is capable of estimating the oxygen storage level to aid the fuel-to-air ratio control in spark ignited engines. As it is well-known, the prime parameter that drives the transient dynamics in current three-way catalytic converter is their capability to store a certain amount of oxygen, then allowing to oxidize some pollutant species such as carbon monoxide or hydrocarbons even at rich conditions during short periods of time. Since oxygen storage level is considered a good indicator of the catalyst state but it cannot be directly measured, a model based real-time capable estimation like the one proposed in this paper could be valuable. The model accounts for oxygen storing as well as oxidation and reduction of the main species involved, taking as inputs fuel-to-air equivalence ratio, air mass flow, temperature and gas composition at three-way catalyst inlet. From these inputs, oxygen storage level and brick temperature are calculated as model states, which finally provide the gas composition downstream of the catalyst as output. In addition, a simplified model of narrowband [Formula: see text] sensor is included, it provides a voltage from gas composition at the outlet of the catalyst and allows to assess the model behaviour by comparison with the on-board [Formula: see text] sensor measurements. Finally, the validation of the model performance by means of experimental test as well as different practical cases, where the benefits of oxygen storage level estimation plays a key role, are introduced.

show abstract

Modelling three-way catalytic converters: An effort to predict the effect of precious metal loading

Cited by 13 publications

References 25 publications

Heterogeneous photocatalysis in flow chemical reactors

Heterogeneous photocatalysis in flow chemical reactors

Modelling three-way catalytic converter oriented to engine cold-start conditions

Control-oriented modelling of three-way catalytic converter for fuel-to-air ratio regulation in spark ignited engines

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About