“…Hence its application arises in different fields: route planning on road networks, travel planning in public transit networks, and also in some robotic and military applications [20]. In particular, time-dependent vehicle routing problems have been widely studied in the literature with different variants of time dependency: service time (e.g., Malandraki and Daskin [29], Ichoua et al [21], Donati et al [18]), time windows (e.g., Dabia et al [16], Jung and Haghani [23], Balseiro et al [6], Adamo et al [1], Cacchiani et al [12]), demand (e.g., Victoria et al [46]). For more details we refer the reader to Mourão and Pinto [31] and Gendreau et al [20].…”