Models of external differentiation in the EU's neighbourhood: an expanding economic community?

Gstöhl, Sieglinde

doi:10.1080/13501763.2015.1020834

Cited by 56 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Certainly there is much horizontal variation in the external territorial application of Union policies. Gstöhl (2015) distinguishes no fewer than six such differences.However, whether horizontal differentiation also creates problems of incongruence is most starkly illustrated through the case of Norway.…”

Section: Patterns Of Horizontal Differentiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Democracy and differentiation in Europe

Fossum¹

2015

Journal of European Public Policy

110

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This contribution addresses two questions. First, what forms and shapes does European Union (EU) differentiation take in the realm of representative democracy in the multilevel constellation that makes up the EU? Second, what are the implications of differentiation for the theory and the practice of democracy?The question is whether citizens are capable of governing themselves in a political entity marked by patterns of authority and/or policy-making that vary in unprecedented ways along territorial and functional lines. Drawing on differentiation rather than the more commonly used term differentiated integration entails a somewhat different research focus and allows considering the democratic challenges of patterns of integration and disintegration actualized by the euro crisis. The contribution establishes a set of democratic standards and assesses the democratic implications of differentiation in the EU. Doing that requires paying explicit attention to the distinctive character of the multilevel EU's structure of democratic representation.

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Section: Patterns Of Horizontal Differentiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Democracy and differentiation in Europe

Fossum¹

2015

Journal of European Public Policy

110

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“…Both cases show that far-reaching participation in the internal market poses important institutional challenges (see also Gstöhl 2015). This section introduces the role that decision-shaping plays for a homogenous EEA market and Switzerland's search for an adequate institutional framework with the EU.…”

Section: Efta Lessons For the Institutional Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The extent and specificity of those obligations are usually shaped by the scope and institutionalization set out in the agreement itself. The EU's neighbourhood is characterized by patterns of external differentiated integration, which vary not only with regard to the sectors covered in the internal market but also the degree of institutionalization (Gstöhl 2015). Among these 'models' are the EEA, the bilateral Swiss approach, the Turkish customs union, EFTA membership (or association) or partly acquis-based FTAs, such as those with some countries of the European Neighbourhood Policy like Ukraine.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Back to the Future? Lessons of Differentiated Integration from the EFTA Countries for the UK’s Future Relations with the EU

Gstöhl

Frommelt

2017

Social Sciences

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Abstract:The decision of the United Kingdom (UK) to withdraw from the European Union (EU) raises the question of how to shape their post-Brexit relations. The EU has developed various forms of external differentiated integration with neighbouring countries, whereby the members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) enjoy the most far-reaching access to the internal market. This article discusses the conditions under which the UK could join EFTA, the EFTA countries' European Economic Area with the EU, or a similar arrangement. In light of the UK's desire to conduct an independent trade policy, to contain immigration, and to take back control of laws, lessons are drawn from EFTA's experience for trade, the free movement of persons, and institutional issues.

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“…This is why such categorizations are not suggested in this contribution. Instead, and bearing in mind that some parties (and governments) are strongly divided on European issues, this operationalization suggests that parties and governments should not be considered as 'Eurosceptics' or 'Europhiles' in a broad sense, but as pro-integrationists, anti-integrationists or divided on participation in the specific aspects/policies of European integration where differentiation exists, as integration now takes various forms that also extend beyond EU borders (see also Gstöhl [2015]). …”

Section: Party and Government Preferences On Europe And Differentiatementioning

confidence: 99%

Operationalizing national preferences on Europe and differentiated integration

Leruth¹

2015

Journal of European Public Policy

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The existing literature on party and government preferences on Europe mostly focuses on the integration process as a whole. In addition, studies of party-based Euroscepticism tend to offer competing typologies that present some terminological problems. With the increase in differentiation and the potential for disintegration, it is now important to deconstruct support for European integration per policy area. Accordingly, the main purpose of this contribution is to solve problems of existing conceptualizations of élite-based Euroscepticism by presenting a specific operationalization of support for European integration. Based on a qualitative analysis of party documents and élite interviews, such operationalization focuses on policies and policy areas where differentiation takes place, using a scale ranging from full opposition to full support for integration and taking into account internal divisions. This operationalization is then applied to three Nordic countries that have experienced different levels of (differentiated) integration since the early 1990s: Finland; Sweden; and Norway. The contribution concludes that whereas existing categorizations of Euroscepticism are useful to broadly understand élite preferences, operationalizing support for European integration per policy area where differentiation takes place can help understand the mainstreaming of Euroscepticism and offers a more accurate way of understanding new situations where parties supporting and opposing participation in European Union policies co-exist in coalition governments.

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Models of external differentiation in the EU's neighbourhood: an expanding economic community?

Cited by 56 publications

References 14 publications

Democracy and differentiation in Europe

Democracy and differentiation in Europe

Back to the Future? Lessons of Differentiated Integration from the EFTA Countries for the UK’s Future Relations with the EU

Operationalizing national preferences on Europe and differentiated integration

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