Modern Approaches to Preparation of Body Fluids for Determination of Bioactive Compounds

Abstract

The current clinical and forensic toxicological analysis of body fluids requires a modern approach to sample preparation characterized by high selectivity and enrichment capability, suitability for micro-samples, simplicity and speed, and the possibility of automation and miniaturization, as well as the use of small amounts of reagents, especially toxic solvents. Most of the abovementioned features may be realized using so-called microextraction techniques which cover liquid-phase techniques (e.g., single-drop microextraction, SDME; dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction, DLLME; hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction, HF-LPME) and solid-phase extraction techniques (solid-phase microextraction, SPME; microextraction in packed syringes, MEPS; disposable pipette tip extraction, DPX; stir bar sorption extraction, SBSE). Some other extraction methodologies like dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) or magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) can also be easily miniaturized. This review briefly describes and characterizes the abovementioned extraction methods, and then presents their current applications to the preparation of body fluids analyzed for bioactive compounds in combination with appropriate analytical methods, mainly chromatographic and related techniques. The perspectives of the analytical area we are interested in are also indicated.

Research of saccharides and related biocomplexes: A review with recent techniques and applications

“…MS characterization of saccharide biomolecules is done with mass fragments of the adduct ions and/or as acetate, sulfate, and phosphate adducts. The advantage of CE-MS is the direct identification of large molecules like polysaccharides, oligosaccharides, and glycans without hydrolysis, derivatization, or other modification needs [188,260,[268][269][270][271][272][273]. All types of saccharides are to be ions for CE separation for full utilization of mass resolution and sensitivity in MS [33,140].…”

Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction as a Promising Technique for Fast Separation of Metallic Nanoparticles and Their Ionic Species: A Review of Recent Advances

“…Since that time, diverse magnetic sorbents have been developed and used in various applications for a wide scope of sample matrices and analytes. MSPE has been extensively applied in several fields, such as biomedicine [ 14 – 18 ], environmental science [ 19 – 23 ], forensic science [ 24 , 25 ], and food analysis [ 26 – 29 ] ( Figure 1 ). This technique has also been successfully used for the separation/preconcentration of various types of xenobiotics (e.g., herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, aromatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic amines, phthalate esters, phenols and chlorophenols, aflatoxins, and heavy metal ions), as well as viruses, microbial pathogens, and protozoan parasites in environmental [ 30 ], biological, or even food samples [ 31 ].…”

Solid‐phase microextraction for the human biomonitoring of environmental chemicals: Current applications and future perspectives

“…In this protocol, an open‐tubular capillary column coated with appropriate extracting phase was used as a SPME device which enabled the entire extraction and analysis process switched to be automated. In‐tube SPME is superior to the regular fiber SPME due to the fast equilibrium process as well as commercial availability of columns with a wide variety of coated stationary phases [32,33]. Similarly, in vivo SPME was developed for the quick diagnosis purposes via direct measurement of chemicals such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in targeted human specimen.…”