Modern Device for Peritonitis Reproduction in Rats
Abstract: Цель исследования-разработка устройства для воспроизведения перитонита у крыс. Материал и методы. Нами были проведены две серии опытов по воспроизведению перитонита у крыс с помощью разработанного устройства, а также штамма Е. Coli 2592210. Результаты и их обсуждение. Было разработано устройство для воспроизведения перитонита у крыс, представляющее собой лапароскоп, состоящий из рукоятки и тубуса с оптическим и манипуляционным каналами, а в тубусе устройства предусмотрен дополнительный канал, который идет пара… Show more
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Topicality. Adhesive intestinal obstruction is a common disease in abdominal surgery with a significant increase from year to year. During the last 20 years, the frequency of cases of adhesive intestinal obstruction (SCN) has increased by 2 times and has no tendency to decrease. In the UK, small bowel obstruction was an indication for 51% of all emergency laparotomies. Scott et al. reported seven emergency surgeries, accounting for 80% of all hospital admissions, morbidity, mortality, and health care costs in relation to general surgery in the United States. These seven operations included partial colectomy, small bowel resection, cholecystectomy, peptic ulcer surgery, adgeolysis, appendectomy, and laparotomy. Adhesive intestinal obstruction of the small intestine was the most frequent diagnosis in the behavior of four out of seven surgical interventions (partial colectomy, resection of the small intestine, adgeolysis and laparotomy). Postoperative adhesive processes are the main cause of small intestine obstruction, accounting for 60% of cases. Among all cases of intestinal obstruction, acute small intestine is 64.3–80%, while having a severe course and a worse prognosis. This causes a high mortality rate in this pathology. It ranges from 5.1% to 8.4%, occupying a leading place among all urgent diseases.The purpose of the study was to evaluate various modern methods of diagnosing adhesive intestinal obstruction.Material and methods. In this study, the method of classical analysis of domestic and foreign literature was applied, based on current data on the diagnosis of adhesive intestinal obstruction.Results. Historically, there has been a certain algorithm for examining patients arriving with suspected adhesive intestinal obstruction, which includes: complaints, anamnesis of the disease and life, objective status, as well as additional diagnostic methods. Patients with OCD usually present a wide range of complaints, such as nausea, vomiting and periodic abdominal pain. Nausea and vomiting follow the appearance of pain and are an early sign of proximal adhesive OCN. However, clinical symptoms are only partially able to diagnose adhesive intestinal obstruction. Laboratory data are of little significance in the diagnosis of intestinal obstruction, but they help to determine the presence and severity of metabolic disorders, homeostasis disorders, as well as to indicate possible starngulation. For the diagnosis of OCN, OBP survey radiography is routinely used. Computed tomography (CT) has a higher sensitivity and specificity compared to abdominal X-ray examination and is recommended by the Bologna Guidelines. Ultrasound examination (ultrasound) is increasingly used in the diagnosis of OCD. Ultrasound is a relatively simple inexpensive non-invasive imaging method that is devoid of radiation exposure, but depends on the operator's experience. To minimize the effects of ionizing radiation in children and pregnant women, magnetic resonance imaging is an effective alternative to computed tomography for intestinal obstruction.Conclusion. The problem of adhesive intestinal obstruction remains highly relevant, given the prevalence of the disease and high mortality rates. Currently, new promising methods for diagnosing this disease, including biomarkers and high-tech methods for visualizing the pathological process, such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, are acquiring high importance. At the same time, one should not forget about the routine research methods – X-ray of the abdominal cavity and classical methods of examining the patient – collecting complaints, anamnesis and determining the objective status.
Topicality. Adhesive intestinal obstruction is a common disease in abdominal surgery with a significant increase from year to year. During the last 20 years, the frequency of cases of adhesive intestinal obstruction (SCN) has increased by 2 times and has no tendency to decrease. In the UK, small bowel obstruction was an indication for 51% of all emergency laparotomies. Scott et al. reported seven emergency surgeries, accounting for 80% of all hospital admissions, morbidity, mortality, and health care costs in relation to general surgery in the United States. These seven operations included partial colectomy, small bowel resection, cholecystectomy, peptic ulcer surgery, adgeolysis, appendectomy, and laparotomy. Adhesive intestinal obstruction of the small intestine was the most frequent diagnosis in the behavior of four out of seven surgical interventions (partial colectomy, resection of the small intestine, adgeolysis and laparotomy). Postoperative adhesive processes are the main cause of small intestine obstruction, accounting for 60% of cases. Among all cases of intestinal obstruction, acute small intestine is 64.3–80%, while having a severe course and a worse prognosis. This causes a high mortality rate in this pathology. It ranges from 5.1% to 8.4%, occupying a leading place among all urgent diseases.The purpose of the study was to evaluate various modern methods of diagnosing adhesive intestinal obstruction.Material and methods. In this study, the method of classical analysis of domestic and foreign literature was applied, based on current data on the diagnosis of adhesive intestinal obstruction.Results. Historically, there has been a certain algorithm for examining patients arriving with suspected adhesive intestinal obstruction, which includes: complaints, anamnesis of the disease and life, objective status, as well as additional diagnostic methods. Patients with OCD usually present a wide range of complaints, such as nausea, vomiting and periodic abdominal pain. Nausea and vomiting follow the appearance of pain and are an early sign of proximal adhesive OCN. However, clinical symptoms are only partially able to diagnose adhesive intestinal obstruction. Laboratory data are of little significance in the diagnosis of intestinal obstruction, but they help to determine the presence and severity of metabolic disorders, homeostasis disorders, as well as to indicate possible starngulation. For the diagnosis of OCN, OBP survey radiography is routinely used. Computed tomography (CT) has a higher sensitivity and specificity compared to abdominal X-ray examination and is recommended by the Bologna Guidelines. Ultrasound examination (ultrasound) is increasingly used in the diagnosis of OCD. Ultrasound is a relatively simple inexpensive non-invasive imaging method that is devoid of radiation exposure, but depends on the operator's experience. To minimize the effects of ionizing radiation in children and pregnant women, magnetic resonance imaging is an effective alternative to computed tomography for intestinal obstruction.Conclusion. The problem of adhesive intestinal obstruction remains highly relevant, given the prevalence of the disease and high mortality rates. Currently, new promising methods for diagnosing this disease, including biomarkers and high-tech methods for visualizing the pathological process, such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, are acquiring high importance. At the same time, one should not forget about the routine research methods – X-ray of the abdominal cavity and classical methods of examining the patient – collecting complaints, anamnesis and determining the objective status.
Relevance. Computer simulation is a mathematical modeling process performed on a computer that is designed to predict the behavior or results of a real or physical system. Computer simulation has a number of advantages over classical models of animal experiments: the cheapness of the method (the need to acquire and maintain animals disappears by itself), the speed of obtaining results, the absence of bioethical problems, the ability to change the conditions of the experiment, etc.he purpose of this study is to review the methods of computer simulation of the wound process, to identify the shortcomings of the models and propose ways to solve them, as well as to select the best existing model for describing wound regeneration.Material and methods. In the course of this work, an analysis was made of foreign and domestic literature on the problem of computer modeling of the wound process.Results. After analyzing the relevant literature on this topic, the problem is seen precisely in the insufficiently studied process of wound regeneration, since many different cells, cytokines, growth factors, enzymes, fibrillar proteins, etc. take part in it. The models that currently exist describe wound regeneration only in an extremely generalized way, which does not allow us to apply them in clinical situations. Analyzing literature sources, we came to the conclusion that both numerical approaches, both cellular-biochemical (the first type of models) and phenomenological (the second type) are applicable in the case of wound modeling and can be used very successfully. The problem is that on the basis of one approach it is impossible to display a complete picture of wound healing, in this way it is possible to predict only individual regeneration parameters necessary for certain purposes due to the complexity and versatility of this typical pathophysiological process.Conclusion. Computer modeling of wounds is still a controversial and complex topic. Existing models are not intended to describe all the processes occurring in a healing wound. It is much more productive to describe the various phenomena during healing separately. This is due to the fact that many elements are involved in the regeneration of the skin, which are almost impossible to take into account in full. The available models are of exclusively scientific value, consisting in attempts to understand all complex processes and interactions. Practical application is difficult, since existing models require specific input data that require highly specialized equipment. If we abstract from all this, then the best existing model of the first type is the model of the authors Yangyang Wang, Christian F. Guerrero-Juarez, Yuchi Qiu and co-authors, in addition to it, any of the described phenomenological models will do.
Problems of nursing staff in the ophthalmology department
The nurse plays an integral and important role in the health care system, providing direct medical care and supporting the effective work of physicians. One of the most demanding and responsible departments where nurses work is the ophthalmology department. The importance of the work of a nurse in ophthalmology cannot be overemphasized. They help doctors in the diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases, monitor the condition of patients before and after surgical interventions, as well as carry out preventive measures to maintain the health of the organ of vision. Without their professional skills and hard work, it is impossible to provide effective and safe treatment of eye diseases. Despite the challenges, the nurse in the ophthalmology department plays an indispensable role in ensuring the health and well-being of patients.
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