Modern test methods for flammability

Babrauskas, Vytenis

doi:10.6028/nist.ir.4326

Cited by 6 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Applying flames to the surface of a wood structural member will not result in smoldering ignition, unless the flame is applied for so long that the wood member is largely burned up. Specifically, it has been demonstrated [85] that applying the flame from an acetylene/air plumber's torch directly onto wood studs for periods of 1-5 minutes leads to local charring but no sustained combustion of any type once the torch is removed and the flames self-extinguish.…”

Section: Ignition From Hot Bodies Firebrands and Smolderingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ignition of Wood: A Review of the State of the Art

Babrauskas¹

2002

Journal of Fire Protection Engineering

221

164

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IGNITION TEMPERATUREThe concept that combustible substances ignite when a given surface temperature is first attained is an empirical notion-in many cases, this is found to be true enough, so that even though not exactly true, the concept has utility and merit. It has also found significant application to theoretical modeling-closed-form theories for radiant ignition, for example, generally assume that ignition corresponds to a known, constant surface temperature T ig . Thus, the starting point for investigating the ignition of wood must be to examine experimental data on its ignition temperature. As can be seen in Table 1, studies on this question go back well into the 19 th century and have continued until the present time. The spread of data is clearly enormous. It might first be noted that even the term 'ignition temperature' tends to mean two different things: (1) the temperature of the surface at the time of ignition; or (2) the minimum temperature of a furnace sufficient for a specimen put therein to ignite. The latter notion might seem to be old and non-rigorous, but it must be remembered that: (a) the common test for ignition temperature is the Setchkin furnace, ASTM D 1929 [1], which is based on the latter definition; and (b) the user often needs to know the highest environment temperature to which he can subject a material without it igniting and he may be less interested in actual temperatures at the specimen. Excluding one value, the results in

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Section: Ignition From Hot Bodies Firebrands and Smolderingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ignition of Wood: A Review of the State of the Art

Babrauskas¹

2002

Journal of Fire Protection Engineering

221

164

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“…Liepsnos plitimo statybinemis konstrukcijomis ivertinimo svarba akcentuojama ir [15] darbe. Pagrindines organizacijos, kurios pletoja sios srities metodinct bazC(, yra IMO (Tarptautine jiif4 organizacija),ASTM (Amerikos medziagq bandymq asociacija) ir ISO (Tarptautine standartizacijos organizacija).…”

Section: Vertikaliai Orientuotq Gaminiq Gaisriniq Bandymq Problemosunclassified

The Estimation Problems of the Fire Hazard for Vertically Oriented Building Products/Vertikaliai Orientuotų Statybinių Gaminių Gaisrinio Pavojingumo Įvertinimo Problemos

Nyderis¹

1999

Journal of Civil Engineering and Management

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The Directive of new approach 89/106/EEC, which was prepared by Directorate General of the European Commission (DG III), defines the guidelines for development of fire protection in building construction. Six main directions for development of fire protection are defined in this Directive as well. Solid materials are most numerous among building products. Therefore a brief analysis of combustion process of these materials is presented in this article. F.Williams developed the theoretical principles of combustion. Phase transitions in the zone of combustion are analyzed in the theory. Formulas 1–4 describe this process. The process of combustion of solid materials is heterogeneous; therefore the model of pyrolysis is presented by 5 formulas. An intricate energy exchange takes place in real fires. The heat is being transferred in different ways. The most acceptable description of heat transfer is by means of radiation. Description of this process is presented in formulas 6–7. The heat transfer by means of radiation can be modelled and used for environment testing. The combustibility of building products can be examined by means of reaction of fire tests. In recent years tests for different building products were carried out according to ISO 5657 test methodology in the Fire Research Centre. Test results indicate that the time to sustained surface ignition for building products is inversely proportional to heat flux. This logarithmic dependence is presented in 8 formulas. Establishment of parameters of this logarithmic flow for different building products can prove this. This work was carried out during the process of verification of this hypothesis. Analysis of fire testing practice of vertically oriented building products in different countries shows that harmonized fire test methods for these products do not exist. Most of these test methods are based on presumption that the flame spread is possible only inside the building not considering the behaviour of facade in fire. The main idea of fire test method for element of vertically oriented building construction together with the principal scheme of test equipment are presented in the article as well. Further development of this idea leads to five questions, which should be answered to solve the problem. After the completion of this task and analysis of test results, all the information is to be submitted for further consideration.

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Oxygen index: Correlations to other fire tests

Weil¹,

Patel²,

Said³

et al. 1992

Fire and Materials

159

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An investigation has been carried out of the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test. A review of the literature shows that, although there is abundant information on the test, it is not clear that its results correlate well with those of any other test, or indeed with those of real fires. Theoretical considerations indicate that the test could be improved by using it with bottom ignition rather than with the standard top ignition. A number of materials were tested in the cone calorimeter and in the LOI, and various correlations were attempted. In general, correlations between some of the cone calorimeter properties measured and the inverse of the LO1 made sense. These correlations were not, however, sufficiently sensitive, even when investigating small effects on a single base polymer system, to justify using the LO1 as a proxy for the cone in any way. The LO1 is likely to continue to be used extensively. This work suggests that quality control and, possibly, mechanistic or other flame-retardant additive studies, are its only applications where the results can be justified.

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Modern test methods for flammability

Cited by 6 publications

References 21 publications

Ignition of Wood: A Review of the State of the Art

Ignition of Wood: A Review of the State of the Art

The Estimation Problems of the Fire Hazard for Vertically Oriented Building Products/Vertikaliai Orientuotų Statybinių Gaminių Gaisrinio Pavojingumo Įvertinimo Problemos

Oxygen index: Correlations to other fire tests

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