Modern trends in controlled synthesis of functional polymers: fundamental aspects and practical applications

Abstract

Major trends in controlled radical polymerization (CRP) or reversible-deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP), the most efficient method of synthesis of well-defined homo- and copolymers with specified parameters and properties, are critically analyzed. Recent advances associated with the three classical versions of CRP: nitroxide mediated polymerization, reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization, are considered. Particular attention is paid to the prospects for the application of photoinitiation and photocatalysis in CRP. This approach, which has been intensively explored recently, brings synthetic methods of polymer chemistry closer to the light-induced processes of macromolecular synthesis occurring in living organisms. Examples are given of practical application of CRP techniques to obtain industrially valuable, high-tech polymeric products. The bibliography includes 429 references.

Structural and hydrodynamic characteristics of polystyrene synthesized in the presence of conjugated dinitrones

“…N,N-Dimethylglyoxaldinitrone (MDN). 1 Polymerization of ST in the presence of DN. A solution of ST (0.8 mL), a DN (0.5, 1.5, or 3 mol.%), and AIBN (1 mol.%) was placed into an ampoule.…”

“…The concept of controlled radical polymerization (CRP) developed in the last two decades opened new prospects in polymer chemistry. [1][2][3][4] There are three main routes in CRP, viz., stable free-radical polymerization (SFRP), atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), and reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization (RAFT). They provide powerful tools for the synthesis of polymers with specifi ed molecular weight (MW), chemical structure, and architecture including dendrimers, hyperbranched polymers, multiple-arm stars, molecular brushes, and other macromolecular structures.…”

“…They provide powerful tools for the synthesis of polymers with specifi ed molecular weight (MW), chemical structure, and architecture including dendrimers, hyperbranched polymers, multiple-arm stars, molecular brushes, and other macromolecular structures. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] Among these CRP methods, SFRP, or the synthesis of polymers mediated by stable nitroxide radicals in the reversible inhibition regime, is one of the best studied approaches that does not require additional purifi cation of polymers from catalysts. 9-11 Stable nitroxide radicals and alkoxyamines (ААs) used as main SFRP agents are often synthesized from commercially available spin traps.…”

Functional pH-responsive polymers containing dynamic enaminone linkages for the release of active organic amines

“…At the same time, introducing new functionalities into polymers requires establishment of efficient functionalisation methodologies in order to access polymers with improved performance and properties. 1,2 Of major importance are the means by which functional polymers are synthesised, with the current polymer-chemistry toolbox offering various controlled and “living” polymerisation methodologies for the synthesis of well-defined polymers and copolymers. 3 Functionality can be introduced into polymers either by directly polymerising functional monomers or by post-functionalisation with both approaches being compelling depending on the availability of the starting materials and cost.…”