“…In coastal settings, especially, novel methods by which to directly measure hydrodynamics and sediment transport, particularly under storm conditions, are bringing field, experimental, and numerical studies into ever better alignment (Leatherman, 1976;Leatherman and Zaremba, 1987;Matias et al, 2010;Sherwood et al, 2014;Englestad et al, 2018;Splinter et al, 2018;Phillips et al, 2019;Simmons et al, 2019;Vos et al, 2019;Wiggins et al, 2019;Dodet et al, 2019;Wesselman et al, 2019). Within the frame of geomorphology's grand challenges, such advances make dynamic coastlines 285 "process 'hot spots' -areas where a high level of activity concentrated in a small location can be identified from relatively simple morphologic measures", especially when "topographically based estimates…provide field scientists with a set of reference values for key local variables that serve as a starting template for observation" (NRC, 2010).…”