Modification of Decellularized Goat-Lung Scaffold with Chitosan/Nanohydroxyapatite Composite for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications

Abstract

Decellularized goat-lung scaffold was fabricated by removing cells from cadaver goat-lung tissue, and the scaffold was modified with chitosan/nanohydroxyapatite composite for the purpose of bone tissue engineering applications. MTT assay with osteoblasts, seeded over the chitosan/nanohydroxyapatite-modified decellularized scaffold, demonstrated significantly higher cell growth as compared to the decellularized scaffold without modification. SEM analysis of cell-seeded scaffold, after incubation for 7 days, represented a good cell adhesion, and the cells spread over the chitosan/nanohydroxyapatite-modified decellularized scaffold. Expression of bone-tissue-specific osteocalcin gene in the osteoblast cells grown over the chitosan/nanohydroxyapatite-modified decellularized scaffold clearly signifies that the cells maintained their osteoblastic phenotype with the chitosan/nanohydroxyapatite-modified decellularized scaffold. Therefore, it can be concluded that the decellularized goat-lung scaffold-modified with chitosan/nanohydroxyapatite composite, may provide enhanced osteogenic potential when used as a scaffold for bone tissue engineering.

Native-mimicking in vitro microenvironment: an elusive and seductive future for tumor modeling and tissue engineering

“…Soft composite hydrogels consisting of dECM and other biomaterials like fibrin and chitosan have been used as bioinks, which contain desired stem cells and inducing factors, in soft tissue engineering [ 191 , 192 ]. Moreover, composite scaffolds fabricated using dECM and synthetic polymers such as PCL or PLGA have hydrophilic and necessary mechanical properties for tissue engineering, especially hard tissue regeneration [ 193 , 194 ]. The use of dECM in tumor modeling has substantially enhanced the efficacies of in vitro mimicry of TME and increased the capabilities of revealing the mechanisms of tumor formation and metastasis [ 14 , 195 ].…”

Approaches for building bioactive elements into synthetic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

“…39,40,41 Advantages of the decellularized scaffolds include the intact structural framework of the tissue and the presence of bioactive molecules that drive tissue homeostasis and regeneration. 42 Decellularized scaffolds do not elicit adverse immune reaction upon removal of cellular material with appropriate protocols.…”

“…42 Similarly, modification of decellularized scaffolds with organic and inorganic materials like chitosan and hydroxyapatite has also been explored for improved cell adhesion. 41 Decellularized scaffolds from xenogeneic sources carry a greater risk for pathogenicity and immune reaction. They are often expensive to produce in bulk quantities and need far greater handling and stringent storage requirements compared to synthetic scaffolds.…”

Caprine demineralized bone matrix (DBMc) in the repair of non-critical bone defects in rabbit tibias. A new bone xenograft

“…Caprine demineralized bone matrix (DBMc) is a potential bone substitute, which despite its xenogenic origin, has the advantage of providing a significant amount of bone tissue from a single donor, enabling the creation of bone banks 11,12 . Studies involving goat bone graft is scarce, thus the objective of this study was to evaluate macroscopic inflammatory and bone healing after implantation of DBMc in surgically induced tibial defects in rabbits.…”