Modification of the Effects of an Amphetamine–Barbiturate Mixture by the Past Experience of Rats

Steinberg, Hannah; Rushton, Ruth; Tinson, Christine

doi:10.1038/192533a0

Cited by 138 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The exploratory behaviour of naive albino and black rats after receiving intraventricular 6HD was compared with control rats using a Y-shaped runway (Steinberg, Rushton & Tinson, 1961); each rat was observed for rearing activity, number of entries, number of faecal pellets and grooming behaviour for a period of 3 min.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of intraventricular 2,4,5‐trihydroxyphenylethylamine (6‐hydroxydopamine) on rat behaviour and brain catecholamine metabolism

Laverty

Taylor

1970

British J Pharmacology

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Summary1. 6-Hydroxydopamine (200 jug injected intraventricularly) caused depletion of noradrenaline from all regions of rat brain within 2 h after injection but depletion of dopamine in the brain was observed only from 2 days after injection. Both catecholamines remained depleted for more than 32 days. 2. Rats treated with intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine were sedated and lethargic, with reduced spontaneous and exploratory activity, for periods of up to 8 days after injection. Conditioned avoidance responding was abolished or reduced for a similar period. 3. Intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine caused a prolonged reduction in the amount of labelled catecholamines in store 4 h following an intraventricular injection of 3H-dopamine. During the first 6 h after 6-hydroxydopamine injection, there was a marked increase in neutral and acid metabolites from the labelled catecholamines. 4. A comparison of the behavioural and biochemical effects of intraventricular 6-hydroxydopamine and reserpine suggests that both drugs affect catecholamine storage mechanisms but by different mechanisms. It was not possible from these experiments to correlate behavioural changes with either catecholamine storage or metabolism.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of intraventricular 2,4,5‐trihydroxyphenylethylamine (6‐hydroxydopamine) on rat behaviour and brain catecholamine metabolism

Laverty

Taylor

1970

British J Pharmacology

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“…In exploration, all the animal's sense organs are used to receive stimuli from the unfamiliar area and generally it moves through the area to increase the range of available stimuli. Many workers have used this movement as a measure of exploratory behaviour in the animal, and in particular Steinberg, Rushton & Tinson (1961), , Rushton, Steinberg & Tinson (1963) and Marriott & Spencer (1965) have studied movement in a Y-maze by rats and the way in which it is affected by various drugs.As a result of some differences found in the effects of chlorpromazine and thioridazine on the behaviour of mice and cats, which remained more active under thioridazine than under chlorpromazine a comparison was made between the effects of these two drugs on the exploration of a Y-maze by rats. Marriott & Spencer (1965) had found a decrease in the number of entries made into each arm of the maze when doses of chlorpromazine of 1 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg and 8 mg/kg were used.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Effect of Chlorpromazine and Thioridazine on the Exploration of a Y‐maze by Rats

Shillito

1967

British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy

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When a rodent is put into a situation with which it is unfamiliar, exploratory behaviour is elicited and the animal investigates the surroundings. In exploration, all the animal's sense organs are used to receive stimuli from the unfamiliar area and generally it moves through the area to increase the range of available stimuli. Many workers have used this movement as a measure of exploratory behaviour in the animal, and in particular Steinberg, Rushton & Tinson (1961), , Rushton, Steinberg & Tinson (1963) and Marriott & Spencer (1965) have studied movement in a Y-maze by rats and the way in which it is affected by various drugs.As a result of some differences found in the effects of chlorpromazine and thioridazine on the behaviour of mice and cats, which remained more active under thioridazine than under chlorpromazine a comparison was made between the effects of these two drugs on the exploration of a Y-maze by rats. Marriott & Spencer (1965) had found a decrease in the number of entries made into each arm of the maze when doses of chlorpromazine of 1 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg and 8 mg/kg were used. A similar procedure was followed as described by these workers. METHODSMale albino rats, supplied from Tucks, were used. They weighed between 80 g and 112 g and were housed in groups of 4 animals to a cage for 3 or 4 days before the experiments started. One day was allowed for conditioning to handling and injection. On this day they were taken to the laboratory and weighed and marked, and 3 hr later they were injected with saline and returned to their cages. After another 2 hr they were returned to the animal house. On the following day, the animals were taken to the laboratory and weighed 2-3 hr before they were injected with the drug. Groups of 8 animals were used at each dose level. In each experiment, one group was injected with saline and two groups were given one of the phenothiazines. The chlorpromazine and thioridazine were used as hydrochlorides dissolved in saline. The thioridazine turned blue on exposure to light and was kept out of the light when possible.The rats were injected subcutaneously into the neck 35 min before they were put into the Y-maze. The maze was made of three-ply wood varnished inside. It consisted of three arms 15 in. long and 4 in. wide which fitted on to a central triangle. It stood on the floor and was lit by a 200 watt lamp in the ceiling 2 m above it. The animals were put into one arm of the maze and watched for 5 min. During this time the number of entries into each arm, the number of rears and the number of times washing started were recorded. Defaecations were also counted. The rats were returned to their own cages after each trial and the cages were returned to the animal room each

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“…The control of epilepsy is a further example of such a use. (3) Where what seems to be regarded as a special "mixture " effect is desired, that is, a more " balanced " and cheerful mood (Goodman & Gilman, 1955;Drill, 1958) (Lanzetta, Wendt, Langham & Haefner, 1956 ;Laties, 1961 (Steinberg, Rushton & Tinson, 1961). The purpose of the present investigation was to study the effects of amphetamine and of cyclobarbitone in single doses and of a mixture of these two drugs in the same doses on the performance of simple mental and motor tasks, on the pulse rate and on subjective reports in normal human subjects.…”

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confidence: 99%

Actions of a Mixture of Amphetamine and a Barbiturate in Man

Legge¹,

Steinberg²

1962

British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy

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The effects in man of a mixture of amphetamine and a barbiturate (15 mg of amphetamine sulphate and 300. mg of cyclobarbitone) and of each of the constituents separately were assessed on the performance of simple mental and motor tasks, on the pulse rate and on subjective reports. The mixture produced a pattern of effects which was different from that produced by either drug separately. It impaired the efficiency of the performance of tasks much less than did the barbiturate drug alone; it produced almost as big a rise in the pulse rate as did amphetamine alone; and it produced reports of feeling " elated " from many more subjects than did either drug separately, though there was no corresponding increase in reports of other feelings and sensations.

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Modification of the Effects of an Amphetamine–Barbiturate Mixture by the Past Experience of Rats

Cited by 138 publications

References 6 publications

Effects of intraventricular 2,4,5‐trihydroxyphenylethylamine (6‐hydroxydopamine) on rat behaviour and brain catecholamine metabolism

Effects of intraventricular 2,4,5‐trihydroxyphenylethylamine (6‐hydroxydopamine) on rat behaviour and brain catecholamine metabolism

The Effect of Chlorpromazine and Thioridazine on the Exploration of a Y‐maze by Rats

Actions of a Mixture of Amphetamine and a Barbiturate in Man

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