Modification of the lid-reflex by voluntarily induced sets.

Peak, Helen

doi:10.1037/h0093271

Cited by 24 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Other things being equal, the higher the signal intensity reached during the first 12 msec of its onset, the larger the amplitude of the startle response and the shorter its latency. But in general, as peak intensity is increased from trial to trial, latency reaches its lower limit of about 10 msec in the rat (Ison, Me Adam, & Hammond, 1973), about 20 msec for the pigeon , and about 40 msec for the human eyeblink (Peak, 1931) before amplitude reaches its upper limit.…”

Section: Evocation Of the Primary Startle Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reflex modification in the domain of startle: I. Some empirical findings and their implications for how the nervous system processes sensory input.

Hoffman

Ison²

1980

Psychological Review

790

422

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Section: Evocation Of the Primary Startle Reactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reflex modification in the domain of startle: I. Some empirical findings and their implications for how the nervous system processes sensory input.

Hoffman

Ison²

1980

Psychological Review

790

422

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“…Thus, to mention ' the role of the peripheral factor' in relation to such experiments necessarily implies the involvement of the central factor as well. Relevant experiments have been concerned with such responses as the cardiovascular (51, 61, 62) and pupillary (9,41) reflexes, the EEG (3, 44,45, S°i 79) > the GSR (34) and the autokinetic phenomenon (30), movements of the ear (4) and arm (15), and the eyelid (10,59,67,68) and patellar (77,78) reflexes.…”

Section: The Role Of the Central And Peripheral Factors {Active Parti...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental studies in affective processes: I. Some effects of cognitive structure and active participation on certain autonomic reactions during and following experimentally induced stress.

Haggard¹

1943

Journal of Experimental Psychology

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Within recent years, an increasing number of experimental psychologists have employed their specialized skills and techniques in an attempt to answer some of the vital questions propounded by psychiatrists and psychoanalysts. From the work with animal subjects, for example, much has been learned about the causal factors and necessary conditions for the development of the disorganized states that Pavlov called "experimental neurosis." Although such work indirectly sheds light on certain aspects of human behavior, the numerous investigations directly concerned with the affective reactions of human subjects in experimentally controlled situations have been much more fruitful in this respect.This rapidly growing literature is much too extensive to be reviewed in detail here. But in connection with both the present experiment and the general problem of modifying emotional reactions, two classical studies should be mentioned. Watson and Rayner (84) conditioned Albert, a child of 11 months, to be afraid of white rats. This was achieved by making a loud noise which frightened the child whenever he reached out to touch the animal. After a few such trials, Albert cried at the sight of the rat, and was also afraid of other furry objects. 1 Later, Mary C. Jones ( 49) demonstrated that such • The author is indebted to the Harvard Psychological Clinic in general and to Dr. H. A. Murray in particular for making this research possible. 'That 'emotional conditioning' involves more than the repeated presentation of such paired stimuli has been suggested by English (19) and Bregman (6), whose attempts with this procedure 257 258 ERNEST A. HAGGARD * See the discussion of Data (verbal).•In this paper, the term 'therapy' will be used to designate an experimental procedure, the implications of which are essentially restricted to the conditions of the present study. This precaution is taken to avoid a too loose (and perhaps erroneous) generalization to the therapeutic procedures commonly employed by clinicians or psychiatrists.

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“…There are a number of reasons for expecting that such a more or less transitory increase would occur. (1) Peak (10) has shown that by appropriately controlling the set or attitude of the subject changes in magnitude of eyelid reflexes are produced. It is conceivable that a set or attitude favorable to the elicitation of the eyelid reflex to light results from paired stimulation by light and air puff, or light and combined sound and air puff.…”

Section: Discussion Of Lid Reflex To Lightmentioning

confidence: 99%