Modification of the Titmus Fly Test to Improve Accuracy

Arnoldi, Kyle; Frenkel, Alla

doi:10.3368/aoj.64.1.64

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Stereopsis was measured with the Titmus Stereo Fly test at 40 cm. 46,47 Lighting conditions were controlled during measurements and ranged from 680 to 760 lux.…”

Section: Ophthalmologic Examinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptual Learning in Children With Infantile Nystagmus: Effects on Visual Performance

Huurneman

Boonstra

Goossens

2016

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Perceptual learning with or without distractors reduces the extent of crowding and improves visual acuity in children with IN. Training with distractors improves near vision more than training with single optotypes. Perceptual learning also transfers to DVA and NVA under uncrowded and crowded conditions and even stereopsis. Learning curves indicated that improvements may be larger after longer training.

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“…Stereopsis was measured with the Titmus Stereo Fly test at 40 cm. 46,47 Lighting conditions were controlled during measurements and ranged from 680 to 760 lux.…”

Section: Ophthalmologic Examinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceptual Learning in Children With Infantile Nystagmus: Effects on Visual Performance

Huurneman

Boonstra

Goossens

2016

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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“…Stereoacuity is sometimes measured from a distance of 3–6 m, e.g., the Frisby–Davis distance stereotest [ 3 – 9 ]. The majority of measurements are performed at a closer range, usually 0.4 m, with e.g., the Titmus Fly Test using polarization technology [ 9 – 14 ], and the TNO Stereoacuity Test using red and green glasses [ 9 , 10 , 15 – 19 ]. These traditional methods are widely used in clinical practice and experimental research.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating stereoacuity with 3D shutter glasses technology

Jin

Sun

et al. 2016

BMC Ophthalmol

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BackgroundTo determine the stereoacuity threshold with a 3D laptop equipped with 3D shutter glasses, and to evaluate the effect of different shape and size of test symbols and different type of disparities to stereoacuity.MethodsThirty subjects with a visual acuity in each eye of at least 0 logMAR and a stereoacuity of at least 32 arcsec (as assessed in Fly Stereo Acuity Test) were recruited. Three target symbols—tumbling "E", tumbling "C", and "□"—were displayed, each with six different sizes representing a visual acuity ranging from 0.5 to 0 logMAR when tested at 4.1 m, and with both crossed and uncrossed disparities. Two test systems were designed - fixed distance of 4.1 m and one for variable distance. The former has disparities ranging from 10 to 1000 arcsec. Each subject completed 36 trials to investigate the effect of different symbol sizes and shapes, and disparity types on stereoacuity. In the variable distance system, each subject was tested 12 times for the same purposes, both proximally and distally (the point where the 3D effect just appears and where it just disappears respectively), and the mean value was calculated from the mean proximal and distal distances.ResultsNo significant difference was found among the groups in the fixed distance test system (Kruskal-Wallis test; Chi-square = 29.844, P = 0.715). Similarly, no significant difference was found in the variable distance system (Kruskal-Wallis test; proximal: Chi-square = 5.687, P = 0.338; distal: Chi-square = 5.898, P = 0.316; mean: Chi-square = 6.152, P = 0.292).ConclusionsEvaluating stereoacuity using this measurement system was convenient and effective. Changes in target shape and size and disparity types had no significant effect on stereoacuity. It would be helpful to choose optimal targets according to different purposes using computer-assisted 3D measurements.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12886-016-0223-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…The wings of the fly would appear in an expected location so indicating their location may not be an assurance of stereopsis. Two modifications have been suggested to improve accuracy, including rotating the book to a new orientation and repeating the assessment, or by using glasses with polarisers aligned the same way to provide a monocular‐only view for comparison, requiring the child to consistently provide a positive response only to the presentation with disparity.…”

Section: Current Methods Of Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stereopsis: are we assessing it in enough depth?

O’Connor

Tidbury

2018

Clinical and Experimental Optometry

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The assessment of stereoacuity is an integral part of the ophthalmic assessment, with the responses used to inform clinical management decisions. Stereoacuity impacts on many aspects of life, but there are discrepancies reported where people without measurable stereoacuity report appreciating 3‐D vision. This could be due, in part, to the presentation of the stimuli. A literature review was undertaken to evaluate current assessment techniques, how they relate to patient outcomes, identify the limitations of current tests and discuss how they could be improved. Recent evidence has been collated on currently available tests, used commonly within vision clinics, with normative data provided allowing responses to the tests to be interpreted. The relevance of the results is evaluated in relation to a range of outcomes, where a reduced level of stereopsis has a negative impact on the ability of an individual to perform many tasks, and can lead to an increase in difficulty interacting in the world. Current tests are limited in the aspects of stereoacuity they assess and their ability to precisely measure stereopsis. The world is not static, yet clinical tests are limited to measuring static stereoacuity, even though higher grades of depth perception can be identified in the presence of changing depth. Presentation methods of stereoacuity tests have remained similar over time, with a limited number of disparity levels assessed. New assessment methods are becoming available that include automated staircase testing to present multiple levels of disparity using digital technology. Current clinical tests are limited in their presentation, and are poor at detecting/measuring stereoacuity in those with limited stereopsis. Given the relevance of the stereoacuity measurement to management choices and functional outcomes, new testing methods would be beneficial to fully assess stereoacuity, both static and dynamic.

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Modification of the Titmus Fly Test to Improve Accuracy

Abstract: If the Titmus fly test is the only stereoacuity measure that can be used due to the presence of manifest strabismus, modifying the presentation of the test plate with this method will improve accuracy and precision of results.

Cited by 14 publications

References 12 publications

Perceptual Learning in Children With Infantile Nystagmus: Effects on Visual Performance

Perceptual Learning in Children With Infantile Nystagmus: Effects on Visual Performance

Evaluating stereoacuity with 3D shutter glasses technology

Stereopsis: are we assessing it in enough depth?

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