Modifications during Early Plant Development Promote the Evolution of Nature’s Most Complex Woods

Abstract

Highlights d Paullinia L. (Sapindaceae) woody stems can develop in six different ways d Cambial variants in Paullinia developmentally trace back to lobed primary growth d The evolution of cambial variants is contingent on evolving lobed primary growth d Exaptation, modularity, and peramorphosis generate phenotypic novelty

Get the shovel: morphological and evolutionary complexities of belowground organs in geophytes

“…To study such innovations in habits and growth forms, researchers have typically taken a three‐pronged approach. They have (1) generated a detailed understanding of plant anatomy through extensive descriptive work (Carlquist, 1996, among many others) and ensured corresponding terminology was used consistently throughout their collaborative efforts (IAWA, 1964), allowing the development of a comprehensive plant trait ontology (Lens et al, 2012); (2) built and maintained extensive tissue collections, even though those collections often require nonstandard preservation techniques (e.g., spirit collections and wood samples housed separately from herbarium sheets); and (3) employed up‐to‐date methods in comparative analyses to better understand the intersection of evolution and development in the context of phylogenies (Pace et al, 2009; Chery et al, 2020).…”

“…The comparative framework used to study the ecology and evolution of other plant habits, such as transitions between woody and herbaceous growth forms (Carlquist, 1996; Smith and Donoghue, 2008; Tank and Olmstead, 2008), or the climbing habit (Angyalossy et al, 2012; Chery et al, 2020), can serve as a guide for future geophyte research. To study such innovations in habits and growth forms, researchers have typically taken a three‐pronged approach.…”

Interspecific anatomical differences result in similar highly flexible stems in Bignoniaceae lianas

“…Liana woods commonly have a similar anatomy that consists of a combination of wide and narrow vessels closely associated (i.e., vessel dimorphism), very wide and tall rays, few fibers, and typically abundant axial parenchyma. Also, liana stems often vary in their cambial activity, resulting in vascular cambial variants (Schenck, 1893;Metcalf and Chalk, 1950;Carlquist, 1981Carlquist, , 1991Chery et al, 2020). These vascular cambial variants create an incredible and vast array of stem anatomical architectures, such as stems with phloem wedges, interxylary phloem, or successive cambia (see Carlquist, 1991;Isnard and Silk, 2009;Angyalossy et al, 2012Angyalossy et al, , 2015.…”

Avaliação da variação morfológica, anatômica e fitoquímica de >i<Banisteriopsis caapi>/i< (Spruce ex Griseb.) C.v. Morton e >i<Psychotria viridis>/i< Ruiz & Pav em diferentes ambientes, teor de alcaloides e citotoxicidade do chá Ayahuasca

“…Esse é um tipo de crescimento secundário considerado anômalo, porém comum em lianas (Angyalossy et al 2015, Pace et al 2018, Chery et al 2020) e, já apresentado para outra espécie de Banisteriopsis em trabalho de Pace et al, (2018). Para espécies de lianas de florestas com alto índice de tempestades e fortes ventos, como a amazônica, este tipo de crescimento promove a importante vantagem mecânica de torcer sem quebrar (Rowe 2018, Groover 2020.…”

“…e segundo Pace et al (2011) tem floema mais eficiente na condução dos fotoassimilados que o câmbio regular. Ainda há poucos estudos que descrevem a variação cambial de caule para o gênero Banisteriopsis (Davis and Anderson 2010, Pace et al 2018) e nenhuma contempla B. caapi, que possui uma variação cambial conspícua.O câmbio de B. caapi, apresenta anatomia em plano transversal marcante, indicando a cooptação de um mecanismo ancestral(Chery et al 2020, Groover 2020. Na fase inicial o câmbio apresenta anatomia regular, na fase juvenil passa para lobado e em seguida para uma estrutura em camadas, que seria uma variação do câmbio sucessivo apresentado porAngyalossy et al (2015).…”