Modifications of Dental Implant Surfaces at the Micro- and Nano-Level for Enhanced Osseointegration

Abstract

This review paper describes several recent modification methods for biocompatible titanium dental implant surfaces. The micro-roughened surfaces reviewed in the literature are sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched, and anodically oxidized. These globally-used surfaces have been clinically investigated, showing survival rates higher than 95%. In the past, dental clinicians believed that eukaryotic cells for osteogenesis did not recognize the changes of the nanostructures of dental implant surfaces. However, research findings have recently shown that osteogenic cells respond to chemical and morphological changes at a nanoscale on the surfaces, including titanium dioxide nanotube arrangements, functional peptide coatings, fluoride treatments, calcium–phosphorus applications, and ultraviolet photofunctionalization. Some of the nano-level modifications have not yet been clinically evaluated. However, these modified dental implant surfaces at the nanoscale have shown excellent in vitro and in vivo results, and thus promising potential future clinical use.

Characterization of Nano-Scale Hydroxyapatite Coating Synthesized from Eggshells Through Hydrothermal Reaction on Commercially Pure Titanium

“…Commercially pure titanium (c.p. Ti) has been used in dentistry, mainly due to its resistance to corrosion, superior biocompatibility, and favorable mechanical properties [1]. However, Ti is regarded as a bioinert metal, which cannot form a chemical bond with bone, and this biological inactivity often results in fibrous tissue surrounding the implanted device [2].…”

Surface Modified Techniques and Emerging Functional Coating of Dental Implants

“…The SLA technology increased the roughness of the implant surface by acid etching after large-particle blasting. It could form a textured surface possibly recognized by fibroblasts, which has been proven to induce a rapid and strong implant fixation [40]. The SLA treatment has also been reported as a prospective technique to increase wettability and surface energy, which positively contributes to the osseointegration at an early stage [41].…”

Biomimetic Aspects of Restorative Dentistry Biomaterials

“…Titanium (Ti) is a metal that is lightweight and used for replacement of bone because of its outstanding biocompatibility, corrosion-resistant, mechanical, and physical properties. Moreover, it is used as an implant material for effective osseointegration and bone ingrowth at the implant interface [ 297 , 298 , 299 , 300 ]. Due to the strong non-covalent binding abilities of graphene and graphene oxide (GO), it endorses osteogenesis and stem cell differentiation [ 301 ] To enhance the osteogenic potential of scaffolds graphene and its derivatives can be combined with other biomaterials [ 302 , 303 ].…”