Modified lignin for composite and pellet binder applications

Gibbons, Luke; Smith, Madeline; Quirino, Rafael L.

doi:10.1504/ijecb.2015.073925

Cited by 10 publications

(35 citation statements)

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“…Among the possible functionalizations, modification of the hydroxyl groups is the most versatile since phenolic hydroxyl groups are the most reactive groups and can significantly affect the chemical reactivity of the materials. Allylation [ 178 ], esterification [ 179 , 180 ], phenolation [ 181 ] or etherification [ 172 , 182 , 183 , 184 ] of lignin have been widely investigated. However, only few research groups attempted to epoxidize raw depolymerized lignin by direct O -glycidylation.…”

Section: Bio-based Aromatic Epoxy Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bio-Based Aromatic Epoxy Monomers for Thermoset Materials

et al. 2017

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The synthesis of polymers from renewable resources is a burning issue that is actively investigated. Polyepoxide networks constitute a major class of thermosetting polymers and are extensively used as coatings, electronic materials, adhesives. Owing to their outstanding mechanical and electrical properties, chemical resistance, adhesion, and minimal shrinkage after curing, they are used in structural applications as well. Most of these thermosets are industrially manufactured from bisphenol A (BPA), a substance that was initially synthesized as a chemical estrogen. The awareness on BPA toxicity combined with the limited availability and volatile cost of fossil resources and the non-recyclability of thermosets implies necessary changes in the field of epoxy networks. Thus, substitution of BPA has witnessed an increasing number of studies both from the academic and industrial sides. This review proposes to give an overview of the reported aromatic multifunctional epoxide building blocks synthesized from biomass or from molecules that could be obtained from transformed biomass. After a reminder of the main glycidylation routes and mechanisms and the recent knowledge on BPA toxicity and legal issues, this review will provide a brief description of the main natural sources of aromatic molecules. The different epoxy prepolymers will then be organized from simple, mono-aromatic di-epoxy, to mono-aromatic poly-epoxy, to di-aromatic di-epoxy compounds, and finally to derivatives possessing numerous aromatic rings and epoxy groups.

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Section: Bio-based Aromatic Epoxy Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bio-Based Aromatic Epoxy Monomers for Thermoset Materials

et al. 2017

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“…The potential of lignin as the second-most abundant terrestrial biopolymer Polymers 2017, 9, 43 2 of 17 to replace phenol in the production of PF resins has been an intensively researched topic in material sciences for several decades [3][4][5][6]. The current upswing of renewables-based bio-economy approaches, the continually growing demand for phenolic resins, and the fact that technical lignins as a comparatively cheap by-product of wood pulping are still largely underutilized have further amplified these activities [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phenol formaldehyde (PF) resins are comparatively inexpensive commodity plastics and adhesives that feature good moisture, in addition to chemical and heat resistance, and have therefore found application in a vast variety of fields including engineered wood products, such as plywood, laminated veneer lumber, glue laminated timber, compact laminates or binders for mineral-based insulation boards [ 1 , 2 ]. The potential of lignin as the second-most abundant terrestrial biopolymer to replace phenol in the production of PF resins has been an intensively researched topic in material sciences for several decades [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. The current upswing of renewables-based bio-economy approaches, the continually growing demand for phenolic resins, and the fact that technical lignins as a comparatively cheap by-product of wood pulping are still largely underutilized have further amplified these activities [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ammoxidized Fenton-Activated Pine Kraft Lignin Accelerates Synthesis and Curing of Resole Resins

et al. 2017

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Ammoxidation of pine kraft lignin in aqueous 5 wt % ammonia affords a novel type of phenol substitute that significantly accelerates resole synthesis and curing as demonstrated for 40 wt % phenol replacement. Compared to non-ammoxidized lignin, which already shortens significantly the cooking time required to reach a resole viscosity of 1000 Pa·s (250 vs. 150 s) and reduces the typical curing B-time by about 25% at 100 • C, the use of ammoxidized lignin has an even more pronounced impact in this respect. Activation of lignin by Fenton-type oxidation prior to ammoxidation further boosts both synthesis and curing of the resole. This is presumably due to the intermediary formation of polyvalent cross-linkers like N,N,N-tris (methylol) trimethylene triamine triggered by saponification of a larger fraction of nitrogenous moieties present in such a treated lignin (ammonium salts, amide-type nitrogen, urea) and reaction of the released ammonia with formaldehyde. Except for the fact that phenol replacement by ammoxidized lignin results in a somewhat less brittle cured adhesive polymer and higher elastic modulus, the aforementioned acceleration in curing could no longer be observed in the presence of wood, where a significantly delayed wood-adhesive bond formation was observed for the lignin-containing adhesives as evident from the automated bonding evaluation system.

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“…Graupner et al, 2008 studied how incorporating lignin in thermoplastic cotton fibers affected its mechanical properties. 103 A biopolymer, polylactic acid (PLA), served as a matrix for the composites and chopped kenaf fibers were used for the bast fiber reference sample. Lignin extracted from Eucalyptus globulus was used for the treatment of cotton/PLA webs.…”

Section: Biocompositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel lignin as natural‐biodegradable binder for various sectors—A review

Mili

Hashmi

Ather

et al. 2021

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Lignin functions as an essential polymer in plants that forms the plant body's structural framework. The natural glue holds the cellulosic fibers together in the plant body, thereby providing rigidity and strength. Despite this, lignin shows promising relevance for biomaterial production due to its abundance, nontoxic nature and biodegradability. Considerably, adhesive components were derived from petroleum, which is increasingly more expensive. Hence, lignin, the natural glue in plant materials, gained much popularity because of its phenolic nature, making it an attractive substitute for adhesives. Lignin‐based binders are produced through phenols substitution in phenol‐formaldehyde resins with lignin due to their similar structural framework. Many researchers have confirmed the multifunctional applications of lignin, such as wood adhesive in fiber board, plywood and particleboard, a binder in printed wiring boards, abrasive tools, epoxy asphalts, epoxy wood composites, 3D printing, adhesive hydrogels, soil suppressants, lignocellulosic paper and coatings. This review presents a comprehensive description of the utilization of lignin‐based binders for different applications. The present work highlights the discussion on the various methods by which lignin can be used to replace synthetic binders. This review focuses on global research work introducing lignin in different chemical adhesives for a more cost‐effective and less harmful alternative.

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Modified lignin for composite and pellet binder applications

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Bio-Based Aromatic Epoxy Monomers for Thermoset Materials

Bio-Based Aromatic Epoxy Monomers for Thermoset Materials

Ammoxidized Fenton-Activated Pine Kraft Lignin Accelerates Synthesis and Curing of Resole Resins

Novel lignin as natural‐biodegradable binder for various sectors—A review

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