Modified Nukiyama–Tanasawa and Rizk–Lefebvre models to predict droplet size for microconcentric nebulizers with aqueous and organic solvents

Chemistry of copper in white wine: a review

“…Ethanol will also impact ICP techniques inducing the formation of finer aerosols in the nebuliser, thereby impacting the rate of transfer of the sample to the plasma and hence signal intensity (Kahen et al. , Grindlay et al. ).…”

Atomic spectrometry methods for wine analysis: A critical evaluation and discussion of recent applications

“…As a consequence, aerosols generated by ethanol solutions are finer than water [84]. This effect can be observed in Table 2, which shows the influence of the matrix composition on the median of the volume drop size distribution, D 50 , of the primary aerosols (pD 50 ) generated using a pneumatic concentric nebulizer and the corresponding tertiary aerosols (tD 50 ) introduced into the atomization cell.…”

“…Several authors reported on ethanol matrix effects in ICP-based techniques when dealing with wine analysis [32,71,85]. Finally, it must also be taken into account that changes in the sample viscosity could affect the analytical response when operating with free aspiration mode [84].…”

Effect of the silicon chemical form on the emission intensity in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry for xylene matrices

“…Because of its reduced surface tension (i.e., about 0.030 N m À1 ) and viscosity (i.e., 0.56 cp) with respect to water (i.e., 0.072 N m À1 and 1 cp, respectively), the aerosols pneumatically generated were finer for xylene than for water. 10 Thus under a given set of nebulization conditions, a Q g of 0.4 l min À1 and a delivery rate of 1 ml min À1 , the medians of the volume drop size distribution, D 50 , were 29.8 and 17.3 mm for water and xylene solutions, respectively. This fact promoted the transport of solution towards the plasma.…”

“…9 It has been thus found that for solvents such as toluene, xylene or hexane, among others, the drop size distributions shift towards small drop diameters when compared with plain water solutions. 10 It is widely known that the solvent evaporation from a droplet is accelerated as the curvature ratio increases (i.e., as it becomes smaller). 11,12 Therefore, in general terms, because organic solvents are more volatile than water, droplets produced from organic solvents evaporate faster than those produced from aqueous aerosols.…”