Modified solid acids derived from biomass based cellulose for one-step conversion of carbohydrates into ethyl levulinate

Zhang, Jun; Chen, Jinzhu

doi:10.1016/j.jechem.2016.06.005

Cited by 45 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…[121] Therei ss till much research needed to create stable sulfonated carbon catalysts,a ss een from the studies of Zhang and Chen, for which the yield of AC-Fe-SO 3 H( AC = activated carbon)d ropped from 58 to 46 %a fter three reuses,a nd then dropped further to 40 %i n subsequent uses. [139] Similarly,w ith USY zeolite,t he EL yield decreased from 45 to 36 %a fter 6runs.A lso,w ith the same USY zeolitem ixed with ELA catalysts,t he yield decreased from 49 to 44 %a fter 6runs. [140] In an unusual method for the production of EL, virtually no excesso fe thanoli su sed.…”

Section: Catalystmentioning

confidence: 96%

Making Levulinic Acid and Ethyl Levulinate Economically Viable: A Worldwide Technoeconomic and Environmental Assessment of Possible Routes

et al. 2017

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Ethyl levulinate is a diesel additive that has received special attention recently due to its potential for production in large quantities from inexpensive feedstocks. Several processes have been developed for the conversion of biomass into levulinic acid and ethyl levulinate, and an economic analysis of these routes would indicate the main hindering factors of their commercialization. This Review focuses on filling this gap in current knowledge by gathering data from scientific papers and patents to create a simulation to analyze processes by focusing on the production of ethyl levulinate in nine countries or regions across the globe. The key indicator to analyze the economic feasibility of ethyl levulinate production is a comparison of its minimum selling price to the local wholesale price of diesel on an energy basis. Processes simulated in Brazil, China, and India presented promising results with feedstocks such as sugarcane bagasse and rice residues. Also, the integration of ethyl levulinate production into existing ethanol plants is a factor that may improve process economics. Overall, this Review specifies key factors in economic and environmental performances of the processes to indicate research topics that could achieve high impact on industrial‐scale processes once matured.

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Section: Catalystmentioning

confidence: 96%

Making Levulinic Acid and Ethyl Levulinate Economically Viable: A Worldwide Technoeconomic and Environmental Assessment of Possible Routes

et al. 2017

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“…Upon the request of green and sustainable development, substitution of homogeneous by heterogeneous catalysts is highly desirable to solve obvious problems such as corrosion, separation, regenerability and reuse. Therefore, a variety of heterogeneous catalysts such as metal oxides, heteropoly acids, carbonaceous materials and zeolites are reasonably designed and developed as the preferred catalysts to give moderate to high yields of alkyl levulinates . For instance, Zhang and Chen developed a series of metal salt‐modified carbon catalysts to catalyze fructose conversion in ethanol, in which 58% EL was attained after 3 h of reaction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among various renewable resources, biomass shows the greatest potential for the manufacture of biofuels and platform chemicals . Recently, the catalytic conversion of biomass derived carbohydrates into alkyl levulinates has attracted a lot of interest due to their specific physicochemical properties, which exhibit valuable application as gasoline additives and substitute of diesel transportation fuels . Of the reported alkyl levulinates, ethyl levulinate (EL) is more preferable for use in biodiesel fuels that can be attributed to its outstanding physico‐chemical properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hyper‐cross‐linked polymer based carbonaceous materials as efficient catalysts for ethyl levulinate production from carbohydrates

Zhang

et al. 2019

J of Chemical Tech & Biotech

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BACKGROUND Catalytic upgrading of biomass into various alkyl levulinates has gained wide attention recently. Particularly, ethyl levulinate (EL) shows great potential as gasoline additive and substitute of biodiesel fuels. RESULTS Hyper‐cross‐linked organic polymer based carbonaceous materials with large surface areas and strong Brϕnsted acidity were synthesized and developed as highly efficient solid acids for the direct transformation of biomass derived carbohydrates into biofuel candidate ethyl levulinate (EL). Controllable Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area and proper acid density of as‐prepared carbonaceous materials were demonstrated to be crucial for the successful synthesis of EL. Among the catalysts, α,α′‐dichloro‐p‐xylene derived hyper‐cross‐linked organic carbocatalyst (HDS‐3.6) exhibited the best results for EL formation with the optimal yield of 70.3% at a temperature of 423 K, which was comparable with those of frequently‐used solid acids such as commercial Amberlyst‐15 and metal oxides. The presence of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in the catalytic system facilitated the production of intermediates 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and 5‐ethoxymethylfurfural. Notably, the hyper‐cross‐linked organic polymers with abundant Brϕnsted acid sites were much more effective in the catalytic synthesis of levulinate esters from ketoses. CONCLUSION The prepared hyper‐cross‐linked organic polymers were efficient and robust catalysts to produce various biomass derived alkyl levulinates with high activity and stability. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry

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“…After the sixth run, the conversion of FAL decreased from 95 to 93%, demonstrating that the recycling of DH-ZSM-5 was feasible (Nandiwale et al, 2014). On the contrary, the sulfonated carbon catalyst (AC-Fe-SO 3 H) reported by Zhang and Chen, for which the yield of EL decreased from 58 to 46% after three runs, showed insufficient stability for industrial application (Zhang and Chen, 2016). Similarly, the EL yield decreased from 45 to 36% over six runs using USY zeolite (Chang et al, 2015).…”

Section: Fal As a Feedstockmentioning

confidence: 96%

Current Approaches to Alkyl Levulinates via Efficient Valorization of Biomass Derivatives

et al. 2020

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Biomass is a potential non-food, carbon-neutral, and abundant resource, which can be used as an alternative to fossil fuels during the sustainable preparation of various platform chemicals. Alkyl levulinates (ALs) have found widespread application as flavorings, plasticizing agents, and fuel additives, as well as synthetic precursors to various building blocks. Several processes have been investigated to transform biomass and its derivatives into ALs, which mainly include: (i) direct esterification of levulinic acid (LA) with alkyl alcohols and (ii) alcoholysis reactions of renewable biomass feedstocks and their derivatives, including furfuryl alcohol (FAL), chloromethyl furfural (CMF), and saccharides. This review focuses on illustrating the effects of the biomass pretreatment step, catalyst texture, possible mechanisms, acidities, and intermediates on the synthesis of ALs from sustainable resources covering a wide range of intermediates, including diethyl ether (DEE), 4,5,5-triethoxypentan-2-one (TEP), ethoxymethylfuran (EMF), ethyl-D-fructofuranoside (EDFF), and ethyl-D-glucopyranoside (EDGP).

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Modified solid acids derived from biomass based cellulose for one-step conversion of carbohydrates into ethyl levulinate

Cited by 45 publications

References 45 publications

Making Levulinic Acid and Ethyl Levulinate Economically Viable: A Worldwide Technoeconomic and Environmental Assessment of Possible Routes

Making Levulinic Acid and Ethyl Levulinate Economically Viable: A Worldwide Technoeconomic and Environmental Assessment of Possible Routes

Hyper‐cross‐linked polymer based carbonaceous materials as efficient catalysts for ethyl levulinate production from carbohydrates

Current Approaches to Alkyl Levulinates via Efficient Valorization of Biomass Derivatives

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