fundamental properties from the physical perspective (e.g., surface roughness, hydrophobicity, elasticity, surface structure/ geometry, and mechanical strength) and the chemical perspective (e.g., bio and/or chemical functionality) can affect cellular responses, including cell attachment, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis. [1][2][3][4] For instance, cells respond extensively to synthetic extracellular matrix (ECM) on substrates with multiple features, such as chemical composition, geometry and topological features, ligand organization, and substrate stiffness. [5][6][7][8]