Modulation of the acoustic startle reflex in humans in the absence of anticipatory changes in the middle ear reflex.

Abstract

If a weak tone precedes an intense tone, then the acoustic startle eyeblink reflex elicited by the stronger stimulus is inhibited. It has been suggested that the leading stimulus gives rise to a protective middle ear reflex that attenuates the effective intensity of the second. This hypothesis was tested and disproved. In seven subjects intense tone bursts sufficient to elicit both intratympanic and eyeblink responses were presented sometimes alone and sometimes preceded at various lead times (25 to 400 msec) by a weak tone. The weak tone inhibited the amplitude of the eye blink to the strong tone, maximally at intervals of 100 to 200 msec, but was never seen to produce any of the anticipatory impedance changes that would be characteristic of middle ear reflex activity during the interval between the two stimuli.

Reflex modification in the domain of startle: I. Some empirical findings and their implications for how the nervous system processes sensory input.

“…Groves, Boyle, Welker, and Miller (1974) provided evidence that, although indirect, favored the intratympanic hypothesis. More recent work has measured that reflex directly and has shown that it is not involved (Ison, Reiter, & Warren, 1979).…”