Modulation of the extinction of two different fear-motivated tasks in three distinct brain areas

Fiorenza, Natália Gindri; Rosa, Joaquín M. Campos; Izquierdo, Iván; Myskiw, Jociane C.

doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.04.015

Cited by 117 publications

(132 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Animals received intra-CA1 infusions of vehicle (Veh) or Mus (0.01 μg per side) 10 min before or immediately after the extinction training session (Ext Tr) of CFC, and 24 h later they were subjected to a 3-min extinction retention test (Ext Test) (23). As shown in Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After 24 h, animals were placed in the same conditioning chamber for a 20-min extinction training of CFC, with the absence of the foot shocks. Twenty-four hours later, animals were placed again in the same apparatus for a 3-min extinction retention test, with no foot shocks (23).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3B) immediately after that. Twenty-four hours later animals were subjected to a 3-min Ext Test (23). As shown in Fig.…”

Section: Effect Of Anisomycin and Rapamycin Given Into The Hippocampumentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extinction learning, which consists of the inhibition of retrieval, can be learned without retrieval

Myskiw

Furini

Schmidt

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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In the present study we test the hypothesis that extinction is not a consequence of retrieval in unreinforced conditioned stimulus (CS) presentation but the mere perception of the CS in the absence of a conditioned response. Animals with cannulae implanted in the CA1 region of hippocampus were subjected to extinction of contextual fear conditioning. Muscimol infused intra-CA1 before an extinction training session of contextual fear conditioning (CFC) blocks retrieval but not consolidation of extinction measured 24 h later. Additionally, this inhibition of retrieval does not affect early persistence of extinction when tested 7 d later or its spontaneous recovery after 2 wk. Furthermore, both anisomycin, an inhibitor of ribosomal protein synthesis, and rapamycin, an inhibitor of extraribosomal protein synthesis, given into the CA1, impair extinction of CFC regardless of whether its retrieval was blocked by muscimol. Therefore, retrieval performance in the first unreinforced session is not necessary for the installation, maintenance, or spontaneous recovery of extinction of CFC.contextual fear conditioning | fear extinction | hippocampus | retrieval | unreinforced conditioned stimulus

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extinction learning, which consists of the inhibition of retrieval, can be learned without retrieval

Myskiw

Furini

Schmidt

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…In most cases, it occurs more readily the first few times that memories are retrieved (3). Otherwise, retrieval triggers extinction, which requires NMDA glutamate receptors and protein synthesis in the hippocampus, the basolateral amygdala, and the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (20)(21)(22). The relative predominance of extinction over reconsolidation or vice versa depends on so-called "boundary" conditions, which, aside from the recency of previous training mentioned above, are poorly understood (10,14,(23)(24)(25)(26).…”

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confidence: 99%

Memory reconsolidation and its maintenance depend on L-voltage-dependent calcium channels and CaMKII functions regulating protein turnover in the hippocampus

Silva

Cardoso

Bonini

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Immediate postretrieval bilateral blockade of long-acting voltagedependent calcium channels (L-VDCCs), but not of glutamatergic NMDA receptors, in the dorsal CA1 region of the hippocampus hinders retention of long-term spatial memory in the Morris water maze. Immediate postretrieval bilateral inhibition of calcium/calmodulindependent protein kinase (CaMK) II in dorsal CA1 does not affect retention of this task 24 h later but does hinder it 5 d later. These two distinct amnesic effects are abolished if protein degradation by proteasomes is inhibited concomitantly. These results indicate that spatial memory reconsolidation depends on the functionality of L-VDCC in dorsal CA1, that maintenance of subsequent reconsolidated memory trace depends on CaMKII, and these results also suggest that the role played by both L-VDCC and CaMKII is to promote the retrieval-dependent, synaptically localized enhancement of protein synthesis necessary to counteract a retrieval-dependent, synaptic-localized enhancement of protein degradation, which has been described as underlying the characteristic labilization of the memory trace triggered by retrieval. Thus, conceivably, L-VDCC and CaMKII would enhance activity-dependent localized protein renewal, which may account for the improvement of the long-term efficiency of the synapses responsible for the maintenance of reactivated long-term spatial memory.

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“…The authors proposed a synaptic tagging mechanism to explain this effect: exposure to a novel context evokes expression of plasticity proteins, which are then captured by synapses potentiated as a result of the extinction procedure. Another possibility is that the novel context evokes dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex (Feenstra and Botterblom 1996;Rebec et al 1996;Beaufour et al 2001), where it has been shown to enhance the strength of extinction (Hikind and Maroun 2008;Mueller et al 2010;Fiorenza et al 2012;Haaker et al 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potent attenuation of context fear by extinction training contiguous with acquisition

Bernier

Lacagnina

Drew³

2014

Learn. Mem.

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Studies on the behavioral mechanisms underlying contextual fear conditioning (CFC) have demonstrated the importance of preshock context exposure in the formation of aversive context memories. However, there has been comparatively little investigation of the effects of context exposure immediately after the shock. Some models predict that nonreinforced context exposure at the end of the acquisition session will strongly influence the strength of conditioning and/or recruit distinct neural mechanisms relative to extinction after acquisition. Here we investigate the effects of manipulating postshock context exposure on CFC in mice. Prolonging the period of context exposure immediately following the shock caused a significant and durable reduction in conditioned fear. This immediate postshock context exposure was more effective at attenuating conditioned fear than was an equivalent amount of context exposure a day or more after acquisition. The results suggest that nonreinforced exposure to the context influences conditioned fear through distinct mechanisms depending on whether it occurs during acquisition or after it. The superiority of immediate postshock context exposure was specific to single-shock CFC; in two-shock CFC, immediate and delayed postshock context exposure had similar effects. Consistent with previous reports, we hypothesize that the effectiveness of extinction is modulated by emotional state, and procedures engendering higher postshock freezing (such as two-shock CFC) are associated with weaker immediate extinction.Contextual fear conditioning (CFC) is a form of associative learning that occurs when an aversive experience, usually a footshock in laboratory experiments, occurs within a distinctive place or context. Learned contextual fear typically recruits plasticity in the hippocampus, which is thought to generate a conjunctive mnemonic representation of stimuli present during the learning episode (Rudy et al. 2004;Fanselow 2010). The robustness of this form of learning has made it one of the preferred methods for studying mechanisms of hippocampus-dependent memory and learned fear.While the neural mechanisms of CFC have been researched extensively, there has been comparatively little investigation of the behavioral mechanisms through which the emotional valence of a context is established. One longstanding idea is that the strength of context conditioning is determined by the overall rate of unconditioned stimulus (US) presentation per unit time in the context (Rescorla and Wagner 1972;Gibbon and Balsam 1981). This approach accounts for the observation that increasing the intertrial interval in conditioning experiments tends to decrease the amount of conditioned responding elicited by the context (Fanselow et al. 1993;Barela 1999). However, this model fails to account for a key property of CFC: very brief preshock context exposure leads to an absence of context fear, rather than robust fear as the rate-based model would predict (Fanselow 1986). This phenomenon, known as the immediate shock defici...

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Modulation of the extinction of two different fear-motivated tasks in three distinct brain areas

Cited by 117 publications

References 43 publications

Extinction learning, which consists of the inhibition of retrieval, can be learned without retrieval

Extinction learning, which consists of the inhibition of retrieval, can be learned without retrieval

Memory reconsolidation and its maintenance depend on L-voltage-dependent calcium channels and CaMKII functions regulating protein turnover in the hippocampus

Potent attenuation of context fear by extinction training contiguous with acquisition

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