Module and Metamer Dynamics and Virtual Plants

Room, P. M.; Maillette, Lucie; Hanan, Jim

doi:10.1016/s0065-2504(08)60214-7

Cited by 146 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 176 publications

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“…The IEU should be small enough to allow its micro environment to be treated as spatially homogeneous, but it should be large enough to ensure that the number of units does not become prohibitively large when simulating big trees. Analyses of plant architecture have suggested a number of possible elementary units, such as the metamer and growth unit [16,87]. A metamer is defined as an internode with axillary bud(s) and leaf (leaves) in its upper end, but without any shoots resulting from growth of the axillary buds [16].…”

Section: An Elementary Unit and Its Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A growth unit, initially called a unit of extension by Hallé et al [34], is the part of the shoot resulting from uninterrupted extension growth. Room et al [87] describe it as "extension of the contents of a previously dormant apical bud followed by growth of neoformed leaves (if any) and formation of a new, dormant, apical bud". An axis, "a sequence of growth units in the same general direction from one (monopodial) or more (sympodial) meristems" [87], is another morphological unit of interest in tree modeling.…”

Section: An Elementary Unit and Its Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latter response can vary depending on the functioning of the whole tree [87,90]. Such effects can be incorporated into the FSMs in a straightforward way, since the FSMs contain accurate information about both the detailed structure and the state of the whole tree.…”

Section: An Elementary Unit and Its Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This allows the simulation of position-specific interactions such as collisions between branches, interception of light by leaves and bending of branches due to gravity. Geometric models also provide the information necessary for realistic images of virtual plants to be produced…" as stated by Room et al [87]. The geometric -also called morphological -models have utilized L-systems [80] or other mathematical means (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Components of functional-structural tree models

Sievänen¹,

et al. 2000

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-We analyze functional-structural tree models (FMSs) that are an outgrowth of developments in process-based models (PBMs) on the one hand, and morphological models on the other. Existing morphological and functional-structural models are briefly reviewed. We introduce the idealized elementary unit (IEU) that can be used as the basic component of a FSM, and pinpoint the processes that have to be accounted for. The distribution of metabolites and growth is identified as one of the main focal points to be investigated in conjunction with FSMs, and the different approaches that can be applied in constructing the model component for this process are presented. Finally, we analyze the computational requirements of FSMs, discuss the challenges they pose, and assess their applicability in a number of different tasks. functional-structural model / process-based model / morphological model / tree structure / L-system Résumé -Les composants des modèles fonctionnels et structuraux des arbres. Cet article a pour objet de faire une synthèse des approches réalisées dans le cadre de la modélisation fonctionnelle et structurale des arbres (FSM). Ces modèles résultent du couplage entre la modélisation du fonctionnement écophysiologique d'arbres, d'une part, et la modélisation des processus morphologiques, d'autre part. Après une brève présentation des approches existantes, nous introduisons la notion « d'unité élémentaire idéale » (IEU) qui peut être considérée comme la composante fondamentale des FSM au regard de la souplesse qu'elle confère dans l'articulation des processus. La distribution des métabolites et la croissance sont ensuite abordées comme étant les processus à résoudre de façon prioritaire dans le développement des FSM, et les différentes approches pouvant être mises à contribution dans la construction de ces modèles sont discutées. Enfin nous analysons les besoins en programmation des FSM, discutons des avancées nécessaires et évaluons leur adéquation à la résolution d'objectifs divers. modèle fonctionnel-structural / modèle de fonctionnement / modèle morphologique / structure des arbres / L-system

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Section: An Elementary Unit and Its Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: An Elementary Unit and Its Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: An Elementary Unit and Its Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Components of functional-structural tree models

Sievänen¹,

et al. 2000

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“…Being sessile, they can only explore the aboveground environment through the selective production and loss of metamers (Sterck et al 2003). Metamers consist of an internode and the petiole and leaf at its distal end (Room et al 2004). The internode and petiole are important for the spatial positioning and biomechanical and hydraulic support of the leaf, whereas the leaf is important for light interception and photosynthesis.…”

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confidence: 99%

Leaf size and leaf display of thirty-eight tropical tree species

2008

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Trees forage for light through optimal leaf display. EVective leaf display is determined by metamer traits (i.e., the internode, petiole, and corresponding leaf), and thus these traits strongly co-determine carbon gain and as a result competitive advantage in a light-limited environment. We examined 11 metamer traits of sun and shade trees of 38 coexisting moist forest tree species and determined the relative strengths of intra-and interspeciWc variation. Species-speciWc metamer traits were related to two variables that represent important life history variation; the regeneration light requirements and average leaf size of the species. Metamer traits varied strongly across species and, in contrast to our expectation, showed only modest changes in response to light. Intra-and interspeciWc responses to light were only congruent for a third of the traits evaluated. Four traits, amongst which leaf size, speciWc leaf area (SLA), and leaf area ratio at the metamer level (LAR) showed even opposite intra-and interspeciWc responses to light. Strikingly, these are classic traits that are thought to be of paramount importance for plant performance but that have completely diVerent consequences within and across species. Sun trees of a given species had small leaves to reduce the heat load, but light-demanding species had large leaves compared to shade-tolerants, probably to outcompete their neighbors. Shade trees of a given species had a high SLA and LAR to capture more light in a light-limited environment, whereas shade-tolerant species have wellprotected leaves with a low SLA compared to lightdemanding species, probably to deter herbivores and enhance leaf lifespan. There was a leaf-size-mediated tradeoV between biomechanical and hydraulic safety, and the eYciency with which species can space their leaves and forage for light. Unexpectedly, metamer traits were more closely linked to leaf size than to regeneration light requirements, probably because leaf-size-related biomechanical and vascular constraints limit the trait combinations that are physically possible. This suggests that the leaf size spectrum overrules more subtle variation caused by the leaf economics spectrum, and that leaf size represents a more important strategy axis than previously thought.

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Woody Tree Architecture

Sterck

2018

Annual Plant Reviews Online

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Module and Metamer Dynamics and Virtual Plants

Cited by 146 publications

References 176 publications

Components of functional-structural tree models

Components of functional-structural tree models

Leaf size and leaf display of thirty-eight tropical tree species

Woody Tree Architecture

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