Heterogeneous catalysts have played a crucial role in upgrading fuels, transforming biomass [1][2][3], removing pollutants [4][5][6], harvesting solar energy [7][8][9], and producing fine chemicals [10,11]. Compared with homogeneous catalysts, the heterogeneous catalysts have obvious advantages in easy separation and regeneration from the reaction systems [12][13][14][15], but still have unsatisfactory activity and/or selectivity. These issues are reasonably assigned to the limited molecular diffusion on the heterogeneous catalysts. Therefore, it is in great demand to improve the catalytic performances of these catalysts by increasing mass transfer in the reactions, which is always a challenge in the heterogeneous catalysis.For a general reaction from A and B reactants to C and D products, the rate of a chemical reaction is sensitive to the concentration of the reactants and products, as shown in Equation (1) Therefore, it is reasonable to improve the reaction rate by increasing the concentration of reactants and reducing the concentration of products close to the active centers. Normally, a heterogeneous catalysis [16] mainly includes the adsorption of reactant, reactant transfer on the catalyst surface, reactant conversion from reactants to products, product transfer on the catalyst surface, and desorption of products, as presented in Scheme 1. In these steps, four steps are related to the molecular diffusion in the reaction.It is well known that the molecular diffusion is strongly influenced by catalyst wettability. The recent results have demonstrated that the adjustment of catalyst wettability would lead to (i) enrichment of the reactants for accelerating the reaction, (ii) fast diffusion of the products for shifting the reaction balance, (iii) formation of new reaction intermediates, (iv) isolation of undesired molecules for hindering the side reactions, and (v) stabilization of the catalyst structure.
Enrichment of reactants for increasing catalytic activityAs illustrated in Equation (1), enhancement of reactant concentration should effectively increase the reaction rate. In the beginning, it was focused on the zeolite catalysts. One typical example is the industrial TS-1 zeolite with hydrophobic framework, which is not favorable for adsorption of H 2 O 2 in the oxidations of organic compounds with H 2 O 2 because the H 2 O 2 is polar and hydrophilic [17][18][19][20]. Obviously, the TS-1 zeolite with more hydrophilicity might be helpful to enrich the H 2 O 2 , leading to improvement of the catalytic activities. As expected, Wang et al. [21] synthesized hydrophilic TS-1 zeolite by employing organosilicon as precursor, followed by calcination to transform the organic groups into silanol groups. The TS-1 zeolite with more hydrophilic silanol groups exhibits much higher reaction rate (4.9 mmol L −1 min) in the oxidation of 1-hexene with H 2 O 2 , because the hydrophilic zeolite can effectively enrich the concentration of H 2 O 2 reactant in the zeolite micropores, as confirmed by the molecule adsorption and...