Moisture uptake characteristics of a pultruded fibre reinforced polymer flat sheet subjected to hot/wet aging

Grammatikos, Sotirios; Zafari, Behrouz; Evernden, Mark; Mottram, J. T.; Mitchels, John M.

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.10.001

Cited by 75 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…By assuming such trend, potentially future water absorption parameters could be argued by interpolation approach also for other stacking sequences of glass/flax laminates giving an advance not needing to make experiments for each new combination. The values reported in Figure are in agreement with those reported in the literature . Alvarez et al .…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Both chemical and physical degradation phenomena can occur due to ageing exposition. In particular, the chemical degradation is mainly due to the penetration with water molecules inside the composite structure of Na + cations and Cl − anions, thus damaging matrix, fiber and the fiber–matrix interface . On the other hand, the physical degradation consists in the already discussed swelling of flax fibers that degrades their tensile properties, and, consequently, decreases the flexural performance of the composite laminates.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental assessment of the improved properties during aging of flax/glass hybrid composite laminates for marine applications

Calabrese

Fiore

Scalici

et al. 2018

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The investigation for natural fibers composites in terms of performance, durability, and environmental impact for structural applications in marine environments is a relevant challenge in scientific and industrial field. On this context, the aim of this work is to assess the durability and mechanical stability in severe environment of epoxy/glass–flax hybrid composites. For the sake of comparison, also full flax and glass epoxy composites were investigated. All samples were exposed to salt–fog environmental conditions up to 60 aging days. Wettability behavior during time was compared with water uptake evolution to assess water sensitivity of hybrid composite configurations. Moreover, quasi‐static flexural and dynamic mechanical analysis were carried to evaluate as aging conditions, laminate configuration influence the surface and mechanical performances stability of the hybrid composites. The addition of glass fibers on flax laminate allows to enhance both flexural strength by 90%, and modulus by 128%, even if these properties are lower than those of full glass laminates. The results evidenced that the hybridization of flax fibers with glass ones is a practical approach to enhance the aging durability of epoxy/flax composite laminates in marine environmental conditions, obtaining a suitable compromise among environmental impact, mechanical properties, aging resistance, and costs. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47203.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental assessment of the improved properties during aging of flax/glass hybrid composite laminates for marine applications

Calabrese

Fiore

Scalici

et al. 2018

J of Applied Polymer Sci

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…It is worth mentioning that the water uptake model of Equation (1) is suitable for resin systems featuring one-phase Fickian diffusion behaviour, which is the case for the epoxy system used to calibrate the present formulations [24] and systems studied by multiple other authors [3][4][5]10]. For systems that display a two-phase behaviour, the model must be expanded into a diffusion-reaction scheme, which entails the inclusion of a reaction term into Equation (1).…”

Section: Macroscale Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Once absorbed, water molecules become attached to polymer chains, promoting plasticisation (lower modulus and strength) and swelling [2,3]. Depending on the polymer system, chains may also be broken through hydrolytic reactions [4]. Because most fibre systems used in industrial applications (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A multiscale and multiphysics numerical framework for modelling of hygrothermal ageing in laminated composites

Rocha

Meer

Nijssen

et al. 2017

Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng

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In this work, a numerical framework for modelling of hygrothermal ageing in laminated composites is proposed. The model consists of a macroscopic diffusion analysis based on Fick's second law coupled with a multiscale FE 2 stress analysis in order to take microscopic degradation mechanisms into account. Macroscopic material points are modelled with a representative volume element with random fibre distribution. The resin is modelled as elasto-plastic with damage, and cohesive elements are included at the fibre/matrix interfaces. The model formulations and the calibration of the epoxy model using experimental results are presented in detail. A study into the representative volume element size is conducted, and the framework is demonstrated by simulating the ageing process of a unidirectional specimen immersed in water. The influence of transient swelling stresses on microscopic failure is investigated, and failure envelopes of dry and saturated micromodels are compared.The combination of such effects makes a purely experimental characterisation of the hygrothermal ageing phenomenon a difficult task.A number of authors have therefore advocated numerical modelling in order to simulate the hygrothermal ageing process in polymers and composites [2,3,7,8] as well as in porous materials [9]. Because the mentioned degradation effects act on the microsopic material constituents, a micromechanics approach becomes a necessity. However, it is also important to predict how such microscopic processes affect macroscopic material behaviour. Naya et al. [7] successfully used micromechanics to predict the wet properties of a unidirectional ply by fitting a mesoscale failure criterion, although the swelling phenomenon was not considered. Such a numerical homogenisation approach entails a one-way upscaling procedure after which the microscopically obtained failure envelope can be used in mesolevel analysis.However, macroscopic phenomena such as transient swelling stresses during diffusion [10] may also influence the resultant microscopic degradation processes. Joliff et al.[3] simulated the immersion of a macroscopic specimen including diffusion and differential swelling by explicitly meshing its complete microstructure. The authors demonstrated the importance of including differential swelling in the ageing model, although material failure and degradation (plasticisation and interface weakening) were not included. However, such a DNS approach becomes computationally infeasible if an iterative failure analysis is performed at the same time.In order to simultaneously account for macroscopic transient phenomena and microscopic failure mechanisms, a concurrent multiscale approach can be chosen by solving finite element problems at both macroscale and microscale and coupling them through homogenisation by means of a so-called FE 2 approach [11]. A large body of literature is dedicated to the treatment of pure stress analysis in FE 2 [12,13], including consistent treatment of material failure across scales [14] and modelling of processes...

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“…Environmental durability of such polymer composites is continuously being studied by many scientists and researchers . Environmental temperature, water/humidity, UV, fire, microwave, and other high energy irradiation may threaten the integrity of such polymer composites used in various critical applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of acid, alkaline, and seawater aging on the mechanical and thermomechanical properties of glass fiber/epoxy composites filled with carbon nanofibers

Kattaguri

Fulmali

Prusty

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Owing to the superior corrosion resistance, fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites are the prime choice of structural materials for various marine and chemical industries, where there is a long-term direct contact of the components takes place with corrosive fluids. In this present work, glass fiber/epoxy (GE) composites have been fabricated with and without carbon nanofibers (CNFs), and aging has been carried out in acidic (pH = 1), seawater (pH = 8.2), and alkaline (pH = 13) solutions for 150 days. The resistance of CNF-filled GE composites toward the corrosive fluids has been evaluated in terms of alteration in the mechanical (flexural), microstructural (fractography analysis by field emission scanning electron microscope), and thermomechanical (dynamic mechanical analysis) behavior of the materials. It is revealed that as the immersion time increases, there is a continuous decrement in flexural strength and modulus, and glass-transition temperature (T g ) of all the materials in all these solutions. Compared to the 1% CNF-filled GE composite, control GE composite showed more degradation in the case of alkaline aging and seawater aging. Maximum reduction (56%) in the strength of GE composite was observed due to 150 days of alkaline aging. However, the control GE composite showed better resistance to the acidic solution than that of CNF-filled GE composite. Possible failure modes, changes in the chemistry of the material due to aging have been studied by fractography analysis.

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Moisture uptake characteristics of a pultruded fibre reinforced polymer flat sheet subjected to hot/wet aging

Cited by 75 publications

References 27 publications

Experimental assessment of the improved properties during aging of flax/glass hybrid composite laminates for marine applications

Experimental assessment of the improved properties during aging of flax/glass hybrid composite laminates for marine applications

A multiscale and multiphysics numerical framework for modelling of hygrothermal ageing in laminated composites

Effects of acid, alkaline, and seawater aging on the mechanical and thermomechanical properties of glass fiber/epoxy composites filled with carbon nanofibers

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